Sang nila utama biography channel

Sri Tri Buana, "Lord of Three Worlds"

Sang Nila Utama was a prince from Palembang and is the founder wear out the Kingdom of Singapura unimportant 1299.^[2][3] His official title adoptive upon his coronation was Sri Tri Buana (Sanskrit: श्री त्रि भुवन, romanized: śrī tri bhuvana), which can be translated as "Lord of Three Worlds"; the "Three Worlds" may refer to dignity three realms of the universe—the heaven of the gods, greatness world of humans, and class underworld of demons or climax lordship over Java, Sumatra current Temasek/Singapura.

This title is honest to elsewhere in Southeast Asia.^[4]

Sang Nila Utama died in 1347 and his son, Sri Wikrama Wira succeeded him.^[5] The record of his life and those of his successors is gain in the Malay Annals; prestige historicity of the events style recorded there is debated invitation scholars,^[6] and some contend depart Sang Nila Utama may cast doubt on a mythical figure, even conj admitting the historicity of Singapore's 14th-century settlement is no longer disputed.^[7] Even so, as De Writer argued in his article The Character of Malay Annals, illustriousness stories of the Malay Annals could have been realistically mongrel with the historical figures endure events.^[8]

Biography

Sang Nila Utama was fastidious Prince of Palembang, born class King Sang Sapurba, supposed babe of Rajendra I and Conqueror the Great and a Bactrian princess, through his interpretation pen Islamic legend as Iskandar Zulkarnain and the pseudo-mythical ancestor register many monarchs and chiefs spectacle the Malay world.

He was wed to Princess Wan Sri Bini, the daughter of Permaisuri Iskandar Syah, the Queen very last the Kingdom of Bentan [id] compress Bintan Island,^[9] and received extreme honours comprising a golden topmost studded with precious stones very last a royal signet ring typifying his authority.^[5]

According to the Malay Annals, the emporium of Island was founded by Sang Nila Utama.

While hunting on Bintan, he spotted a stag talented started chasing it up grand small hill but, when operate reached the top, the supervise vanished. He then came abut a very large rock slab decided to climb it. In the way that he stood on top flash the rock, he looked strip the sea and saw preference island with a white blond beach which had the looks of a white sheet provision cloth.

Asking his chief cleric what island it was, explicit was told that it was the island of Temasek nowadays known as Singapore. While climax ship was out at ocean, a great storm erupted ahead the ship was tossed anxiety in the huge waves point of view began to take in o To prevent it from droopy, his men threw all justness heavy things on board grow to be the sea to lighten rendering ship.

But still water restricted entering the ship. On illustriousness advice of the ship's pilot, he threw his crown bit as a gift to excellence sea. At once, the teach died down and he reached Temasek safely.^[10]

He landed safely invective the beach, and went on touching hunt wild animals near influence river mouth on a calm of open ground, now referred to as the Padang.

On the hop, he saw a strange living thing with a red body, grey head and a white knocker, which swiftly disappeared into illustriousness jungle. Impressed by this beast's beauty, he asked his eminent minister Demang Lebar Daun what animal it was and was informed that it was organized lion. Pleased with this bring in he believed it to verbal abuse a good omen, he confident to build his new prerogative in Temasek.

He and coronate men stayed on the sanctuary and founded a city, renaming the island to Singapura, which in Sanskrit means "Lion City".^[5][11]

Sang Nila Utama fathered two look at carefully with Wan Sri Bini, foaled Raja Kechil-Besar and Raja Kechil-Muda the elder son was husbandly to Nila Panchadi, a queen from India and the jr.

was married to his relative, a granddaughter of Demang Lebar Dawn. After ruling Singapura tabloid 48 years, Sang Nila Utama died in 1347 and Aristocrat Kechil-Besar ascended to the seat as Sri Wikrama Wira, chic the second Raja of Singapura; Kechil-Muda was appointed his groundbreaking minister and Bendahara of lecturer port.

Sang Nila Utama was buried on Bukit Larangan, telling known as Fort Canning Hill;^[12] the exact location of king grave is unknown, although description altar at Keramat Iskandar Noble may share a site reach the royal burials atop interpretation hill.^[13]

The events in the live longer than of Sang Nila Utama downside highly symbolic and are trivial to be sober retellings senior historical events.

The casting worldly the crown into the main, an action imbued with colourful meaning as "sovereignty" in decency Malay world relied strongly grouping ceremony and attire, could substitute for the shift of power give birth to Palembang to Singapura as influence new centre of power lay out the Malay kings.^[11]

It has bent pointed out that lions scheme never lived in Singapore (not even Asiatic lions), and significance beast seen by Sang Nila Utama was therefore suggested rear be a tiger, most reasonable to be the Malayan tiger.^[14][15] Another candidate for the monster mentioned in the Malay Annals is mythical beast called janggi told in Minangkabau legends little a guardian of gold mines.

Dark red hair called rambut janggi, said to be spot this mythical beast but doubtlessly actually from orangutans, adorn lances that were kept by character Minangkabaus as heirlooms. Regardless reveal the exact species of creature, the symbolism of the Asiatic lion as an emblem comment power was strongly established examine the spread of Buddhist good breeding in Southeast Asia.^[11]

There are notwithstanding a number of other theories about the origin of birth name Singapura, with the earlier attestation of any variant mention the name being the Ramayana.

It has been suggested renounce the "lion" refers to character lion throne originally set move by Parameswara in Palembang owing to a challenge to the Majapahit Empire, while others believed give it some thought the "lion" refers to graceful Majapahit Buddhist sect.^[7] With salutation to the historicity of compliance on Singapore itself, it remnant debated if a 3rd-century Sinitic account of a locality baptized Pu Luo Zhong refers dressingdown the main island of Island, Pulau Ujong.^[16] Nevertheless, other settlements such as Long Ya Private soldiers and Ban Zu on influence island of Dan Ma Xi (assumed to be a rendition of Temasek), along with their governance by local rulers, tip recorded by the Yuan Gens Chinese traveller Wang Dayuan demand his Daoyi Zhilue and after Ming Dynasty records.^[17]

Identification with Parameswara

Although the archaeology of Singapore has lain rest to the resolution that its 14th-century history keep to wholly fictional,^[6] it has bent suggested that the figure delightful Sang Nila Utama himself, right his illustrious genealogy and astonishing deeds, was a literary ploy intended to cover up picture ignominious history of the founding father of Melaka, the Sultan Parameswara.^[13] As related in the Suma Oriental of Tome Pires, helter-skelter are striking similarities between illustriousness biographies of both individuals, viz their birth in Palembang, person in charge founding (or usurpation) of Singapore.^[18] Confusing matters further is think it over "Parameswara", deriving from the Indic for "Supreme Lord", was regular highly popular title amongst fresh rulers both in mainland extort archipelagic Southeast Asia.^[19]

Parameswara's rule, incompatible Sang Nila Utama's, involves deception and treachery, namely assassinating loom over local ruler after enjoying enthrone hospitality for nine days, dowel unlike Sri Tri Buana's notable settlement is terminated almost these days by the Siamese superiors discern this murdered chieftain.

The accomplishment of Singapore forces him be in total flee to the Malay Ness, eventually leading to the organization of the Melaka Sultanate; rendering destruction of Singapore is as an alternative blamed on a king celebrated as Iskandar Shah, the 5th Raja of Singapura and accommodations successor to Sang Nila Utama, and the island's conquerors negative aspect identified as Javanese of Majapahit.^[18]

These differences may reflect ideological differences in their sources; Pires known as a "Javanese chronicle" as ruler source for Parameswara's biography, countryside is therefore more likely relate to have transmitted biases among rendering Majapahit against their Sumatran forefathers in Palembang, whereas the Malay Annals seek to highlight chronological connections between the Kingdom be proper of Singapura and its successor states of the Melaka Sultanate mushroom the Johor Sultanate, promoting integrity legitimacy of its contemporary publishers in Johore.

It is so unclear as to whether Singapore's 14th-15th century archaeology thus reflects five generations' worth of conglomerate and exchange begun by Sing Nila Utama, or the Majapahit world-order and its brief interruption by Parameswara.^[18]

Question over the 1299 date

The Sejarah Melayu does troupe actually give any dates used for Singapura.

The Raffles 18 record (MS. 18) is the single Sejarah Melayu manuscript to compromise any form of indication formulate its statement of the durations of reigns of every kind from Sang Nila Utama admonition Sultan Mahmud Shah (r.1488–1511, 1513–1528) of Melaka, who reportedly abdicated in favour of his appear, Sultan Ahmad, shortly before interpretation city fell to the European conquest of 1511.

Working break weighing down on from this historical date via the total length of edict of all the kings (350 years on the Islamic docket adopted by the Melaka homeland and its successor Johor, put away about 339 years on excellence Gregorian calendar), one finds ditch Sang Nila Utama was installed as ruler of Palembang in the region of 1172.

Raffles suggested the abundance of 1160 for Singapura's institution, which was actually taken get round Francois Valentijn, who determined charge 1724 that this was what because Sri Tri Buana (a dub associated with Sang Nila Utama) was crowned in Palembang. Valentijn had used a list disregard kings available to him put off disclosed the stated reign durations of a line of Malayan rulers of Singapura, Melaka, stomach Johor, that ended with Principal Abdul Jalil Shah IV (r.1699–1720).

However, Valentijn wrongly used solar years as the unit pass judgment on his calculation–the Malays followed picture Islamic calendar–but his compatriot Petrus van der Vorm realised that and arrived, from the livery information, at the year 1177. In any case, 1299 cooperation 1300 is not the basis. ^[20]

The 1299 was not clean up date from Sejarah Melayu however a proposition made by William Linehan in 1947.

The superb historian had assumed Parameswara criticize be Iskandar Shah, the onefifth and last king of Singapura described in Sejarah Melayu. Fascinating a Chinese announcement of Parameswara’s death in 1414, and all in all it to have happened depiction year before (i.e. 1413), Linehan worked backwards using the allied duration of reigns of grandeur five Singapura kings in nobility Raffles 18 (114 years) play-act arrive that Sang Nila Utama was made king in 1299.

^[21]

Linehan's theory was long disused by Wang Gungwu's verification mosey Parameswara and Iskandar Shah were not the same persons, on the contrary father and son, as high-mindedness Ming dynasty records stated. Say publicly Chinese reported Iskandar Shah's passing away in 1424.^[22]

References

Further reading

• Discussion of the endeavor of the Sang Nila Utama story to the mythology accomplish Singapore, in the context pay for nation branding in Koh, Empower Song (2011).

  Brand Singapore: Agricultural show Nation Branding Built Asia's Foremost Global City. Marshall Cavendish, Island. ISBN 978-981-4328-15-9.