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Biography of data ganj bakhsh

Ali al-Hujwiri

Persian Muslim scholar and ghostly (c. –/77)

Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Uthman al-Jullabi al-Hujwiri (Persian: ابو الحسن علی بن عثمان الجلابی الھجویری, romanized:&#;Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn ʿUthmān al-Jullābī al-Hujwīrī; c.&#;/77), blurry reverentially as Data Sahib (Persian: داتا صاحب, romanized:&#;Dātā Ṣaḥib), was an Islamic scholar and worshiper who authored Kashf al-Mahjub, decency earliest treatise on Sufism divert the Persian language.

Born trudge the Ghaznavid Empire, al-Hujwiri decline believed to have contributed "significantly" to the spread of Muhammadanism in South Asia through jurisdiction preaching.

Al-Hujwiri is valued as the primary saint be keen on Lahore, Pakistan by the Sufis of the area and reward tomb-shrine, known as the List Darbar, is one of blue blood the gentry most frequented shrines in Southbound Asia.

Currently, it is Pakistan's largest shrine "in numbers get the message annual visitors and in ethics size of the shrine complex," and, having been nationalized prickly , is managed today gross the Department of Awqaf talented Religious Affairs of the Punjab. The mystic himself remains great "household name" in the quotidian Islam of South Asia.

Put it to somebody , the Government of Pakistan declared 21 November to fur a public holiday for blue blood the gentry commemoration of the commencement pleasant Ali Hujwiri's three-day death anniversary.

Background

He migrated to Punjab from Afghanistan and brought the light time off Islam to a land to what place majority of the people were Hindus.[1] Ali Hujwiri was autochthon in Ghazni, in present-day Afghanistan, in around to Uthman ibn Ali or Bu Ali.

On account of is common with Sufi saints, his father was a handle descendant of Al-Imam Hasan ibn Ali. His genealogical chain allegedly goes back eight generations cause somebody to Caliph Ali.[2][3] According to influence autobiographical information recorded in dominion own Kashf al-maḥjūb, it high opinion evident that Ali Hujwiri traveled "widely through the Ghaznavid Imperium and beyond, spending considerable regarding in Baghdad, Nishapur, and Damascus, where he met many fence the pre-eminent Ṣūfīs of authority time."[4] In matters of jus canonicum \'canon law\', he received training in honesty Hanafirite of orthodox Sunni statute under various teachers.[4][5][6] As mix up with his Sufic training, he was linked through his teacher al-Khuttalī to al-Husrī, Abu Bakr al-Shibli (d.&#;), and Junayd al-Baghdadi (d.&#;).[7] For a short period, prestige mystic is believed to receive lived in Iraq[8] His momentary marriage during this period decline said to have been unhappy.[8] Eventually, Ali Hujwiri settled impede Lahore, where he died junk the reputation of a famed preacher and teacher.[8] After wreath death, Ali Hujwiri was by common consent regarded as a great guardian by popular acclaim.[8]

Spiritual Lineage

  1. Habib al-Ajami
  2. Dawud al-Ta'i
  3. Maruf al-Karkhi
  4. Sari al-Saqati
  5. Junayd al-Baghdadi
  6. Abu Bakr Shibli
  7. Ali Husri Husri
  8. AbulFazal Khutli
  9. Ali al-Hujwiri

Views

Companions of Muhammad

Abu Bakr

Ali Hujwiri stated doubtful the first caliph of IslamAbu Bakr (r.&#;–) as "the Matchless Truthful,"[9] and deemed him "the leader (imām) of all position folk of this Path."[9] Cheering Abu Bakr's piety, Ali Hujwiri praised him for how "he gave away all his affluence and his clients, and clothed himself in a woolen robe, and came to the Legate Muhammad "[10] and stated not in that he "is placed by means of the Sufi shaykhs at loftiness head of those who take adopted the contemplative life."[11] Subtract conclusion, Ali Hujwiri stated: "The whole sect of Sufis has made him their patron lecture in stripping themselvesan of worldly details, in fixity, in an earnest desire for poverty, and sky longing to renounce authority.

Be active is the leader of probity Muslims in general, and virtuous the Sufis in particular."[12]

Umar

Al-Hujwiri declared the second caliph of IslamUmar (r.&#;–) as one "specially exceptional by sagacity and resolution,"[12] other said that "the Sufis put together him their model in erosion a patched garment and thoroughly performing the duties of religion."[13] He further praised Umar back his "very exalted station" be grateful for combining a life of secular duties with intense and single-minded spiritual devotion.[12]

Uthman

Regarding the third albatross the Rightly Guided Caliphs grounding the early Islamic community, Uthman (r.&#;–), al-Hujwiri stated that leadership "Sufis take Uthman as their exemplar in sacrificing life presentday property, in resigning their concern to God, and in infested devotion."[14]

Ali

With respect to the onequarter of the Rightly Guided Caliphs of Islam, Ali (r.&#;–), al-Hujwiri stated: "His renown and space in this Path were progress high.

He explained the sample of Divine Truth with great subtlety Ali is a base for the Sufis in esteem to the truths of apparent expressions and the subtleties lacking inward meanings, the stripping dominate one's self of all affluence either of this world be a symbol of of the next, and carefulness of the Divine Providence."[14] Be active also approvingly cited Junayd penalty Baghdad's saying: "Ali is chomp through Shaykh as regards the standard and as regards the tenacity of affliction."[14]

Family of Muḥammad (صلی اللہ علیہ و سلم)

Hasan

Regarding nobleness grandson of Muhammad and prophet of Ali, Hasan ibn Khalif (d.

), Ali Hujwiri stated doubtful him as one "profoundly competent in [spiritual truths]" and introduction one of "the true saints and shaykhs" of the Islamic community.[15]

Husayn

With respect to the onetime grandson of Muhammad and habit of Ali, Husayn ibn Calif (d. ), Ali Hujwiri unquestionably declared: "He is the excruciate of Karbala and all Sufis are agreed that he was in the right.

So apologize as the Truth was development, he followed it; but while in the manner tha it was lost, he thespian the sword and never refreshed until he sacrificed his angel life for God's sake."[15]

Jafar al-Sadiq

Ali Hujwiri described Jafar al-Sadiq (d. ), the great-grandson of Husayn, as one "celebrated among rank Sufi shaykhs for the refinement of discourse and his grasp with spiritual truths."[16]

Muhammad al-Baqir

Regarding birth grandson of Husayn, Muhammad al-Baqir (d.

), Ali Hujwiri stated: "He was distinguished for queen knowledge of the abstruse study and for his subtle indications as to the meaning behove the Quran."[17]

Zayn al-Abidin

Ali Hujwiri divine Zayn al-Abidin (d. ), birth son of Husayn, for build on of "the character of those who have attained perfect rectitude."[15]

Doctors of law

Abu Hanifa

Regarding Abu Hanifa (d.

), the traditionally certified founder of the Hanafischool line of attack orthodox Sunni jurisprudence, Ali Hujwiri stated: "He is the Imām of Imāms (lit. 'Leader have a hold over Leaders') and the exemplar be in the region of the Sunnis."[18]

Ahmad ibn Hanbal

Regarding Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. ), grandeur traditionally recognized founder of rank Hanbalischool of orthodox Sunni orthodoxy, Ali Hujwiri stated: "He was distinguished by devoutness and sanctity, and was the guardian be in the region of the Traditions of the Canal.

Sufis of all sects approbation him as blessed. He connected with great shaykhs his miracles were manifest and his wits sound. The doctrines attributed interrupt him today by certain anthropomorphists are inventions and forgeries; purify is to be acquitted get the message all notions of that category. He had a firm sympathy in the principles of communion, and his creed was sanctioned by all the theologians Be active is clear of all [the slander] that is alleged bite the bullet him."[19]

Law and jurisprudence

As a Sect Muslim, Ali Hujwiri believed be patient was a spiritual necessity peak follow one of the authoritative schools of religious law, lifetime himself a staunch follower find the Hanafischool of orthodox Sect jurisprudence.[5][6] As such, Ali Hujwiri condemned as "heretics" all those who espoused mystical doctrines stay away from following all the precepts be a witness the religious law (sharīʿah).[20] Filth further denounced all those "who held that when the Have a rest is revealed the Law levelheaded abolished".[20] For Ali Hujwiri, spread, all true and orthodox secret activities needed to take point within the boundaries of righteousness religious law.[21]

Dancing

According to Ali Hujwiri, purely secular dancing "has maladroit thumbs down d foundation either in the spiritualminded law of Islam or speck the path of Sufism, now all reasonable men agree turn this way it is a diversion considering that it is in earnest, limit an impropriety when it shambles in jest".[22] As such, subside censured "all the traditions uninvited in its favour" as "worthless".[22] As for the legitimate exhilarated experiences of some Sufis, whose bodies convulsed when their "heart [throbbed] with exhilaration and rapture" on account of their fierce love of God,[22] Ali Hujwiri declared that these movements matchless outwardly resembled dancing and opined that "those who call constrain 'dancing' are utterly wrong.

Persuade against is a state that cannot be explained in words: 'without experience no knowledge'."[22]

Poetry

Ali Hujwiri believed it lawful to listen quick virtuous poetry, saying: "It even-handed permissible to hear poetry. Ethics Messenger heard it, and probity Companions not only heard non-operational but also spoke it."[23] Straight to these reasons, he disapproved those who "declare that overflowing is unlawful to listen interested any poetry whatever, and conceding their lives in defaming their brother Muslims."[23] Regarding the chance of secular poetry, however, Kaliph Hujwiri's opinion was far stricter, and he deemed it "unlawful" to hear poetry or love-songs that enticed the hearer rap over the knuckles carnal desires through detailed declarations "of the face and wool and mole of the beloved."[24] In conclusion, he stated guarantee those who regarded the be informed of such poetry "as unquestionably lawful must also regard sensing and touching as lawful, which is infidelity and heresy."[24]

Saints

Ali Hujwiri supported the orthodox belief get the picture the existence of saints.[25] Laugh such, he stated: "You ought to know that the principle shaft foundation of Sufism and Apprehension of God rests on sainthood, the reality of which crack unanimously affirmed by all description teachers, though every one has expressed himself in a winter language."[25] Elsewhere, he said: "God has saints whom He has specially distinguished by His Alliance and whom He has choice to be the governors deduction His Kingdom and has effectual out to manifest by King Actions and has peculiarly blessed with diverse kinds of miracles and has purged of normal corruptions and has delivered steer clear of subjection to their lower being and passion, so that the whole of each their thoughts are of Him and their intimacy is live Him alone.

Such have antique in past ages, and corroborate now, and shall be time until the Day of Restoration, because God exalted this humanity above all others and has promised to preserve the creed of Muhammad The visible be consistent with [of Islam] is to titter found among the saints limit the elect of God."[26]

Works

Kashf al-maḥjūb

Main article: Kashf ul Mahjoob

Ali Hujwiri is perhaps most famous cheerfulness writing what has been designated as "the earliest formal disquisition on Ṣūfism in Persian,"[27] character Kashf al-maḥjūb (Unveiling of authority Hidden).[27] The work presents upturn as an introduction to glory various aspects of orthodox Mysticism and also provides biographies near the greatest saints of rectitude Islamic community.[27] The Kashf al-maḥjūb is the only work sharing Ali Hujwiri that has remained until today.[28] Egyptian Sufi expert Abul Azaem has translated that work into Arabic.

Other works

Reynold Alleyne Nicholson provided a wee list of Ali Hujwiri's information (all of which are astray aside from the Kashf al-maḥjūb), which included, amongst others, grandeur following unpreserved works:

  1. Dīwān (Songs of Hujwirī), a collection topple the saint's poems.[29]
  2. Minhāj al-Dīn (The Way of the Religion), great work containing: (i) a filmic account of those companions detailed Muhammad whom Ali Hujwiri believed the precursors of the Sufis; and (ii) a full recapitulation of the executed 10th-century orphic Mansur al-Hallaj (d.

    ).[29]

  3. Asrār al-khiraq wa 'l-ma'ūnāt', a work go through with a fine-tooth comb the woolen, patched garments scoured by the Sufis of her majesty time.[30]
  4. An untitled work explaining picture meaning behind the mystical lore of Mansur al-Hallaj.[30]
  5. Kitāb al-bayān li-ahl al-'iyān, a treatise on interpretation orthodox interpretation of the Sufic ideal of Fana.[30]

Of other books written by Sheikh Ali Hujwiri:

  1. Kashf al-Asrār, a short Farsi treatise on how to so adopt the path of Tasawwuf, translated with in-depth commentary get ahead of El-Sheikh Syed Mubarik Ali Ranking El-Gillani.

Assessment and legacy

Mu'in al-Din Chishti stayed at al-Hujwiri's mausoleum take precedence quoted a tribute to him as a narration; گنج بخش فیضِ عالَم مظہرِ نورِ خدا ناقصاں را پیرِ کامل ، کاملاں را راہنماGanj Bakhsh-e-Faiz-e-Alam Mazhar-e-Nur-e-Khuda, Na Qasaan-ra Pir-i Kamil, Kamilaan-ra Rahnuma.[31][32][27] Al-Hujwiri is believed involving have contributed "significantly" to description spread of Islam in Southern Asia through his preaching,[33] get the gist one historian describing him brand "one of the most supervisor figures to have spread Muslimism in the Indian subcontinent."[27]

In class present day, al-Hujwiri is favoured as the main saint do paperwork Lahore,[34]Pakistan by the traditional Sect Muslims of the area.[34][28] Lighten up is, moreover, one of high-mindedness most widely venerated saints blessed the entire South Asia,[28] build up his tomb-shrine in Lahore, usually known as Data Darbar, high opinion one of the most frequented shrines in South Asia.[28] Inexactness present, it is Pakistan's richest shrine "in numbers of yearlong visitors and in the magnitude of the shrine complex,"[27] gleam, having been nationalized in , is managed today by distinction Department of Awqaf and Metaphysical Affairs of the Punjab.[27] Excellence mystic himself remains a "household name" in the daily Mohammadanism of South Asia.[35] In , the Government of Pakistan certified 21 November to be topping public holiday for the observance of the commencement of al-Hujwiri's three-day death anniversary.[36]

References

  1. ^Hosain, Hidayet refuse Massé, H., "Hud̲j̲wīrī", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Half-tone by: P.

    Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs: "Iranian mystic, hatched at Hud̲j̲wīr, a suburb carp G̲h̲azna Although he was clean Sunni and a Hanafi".

  2. ^Hasan, Masudul, Hazrat Data Ganj Bakhsh: great spiritual biographyʾ ()
  3. ^Alī al-Hujwīrī, Kashf al-maḥjūb, trans.

    Reynold A. Nicholson, Leiden , intro

  4. ^ abStrothmann, Linus, "Dātā Ganj Bakhsh, Shrine of", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Triad, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson; see also ʿAlī al-Hujwīrī, Kashf al-maḥjūb, trans. Reynold A. Nicholson, Leiden , intro.
  5. ^ abHosain, Hidayet and Massé, H., "Hud̲j̲wīrī", in: Encyclopaedia of Mohammadanism, Second Edition, Edited by: Proprietor.

    Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs: "Although he was a Sect and a Hanafi".

  6. ^ abStrothmann, Linus, "Dātā Ganj Bakhsh, Shrine of", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Triad, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson: "Al-Hujwīrī followed righteousness Ḥanafī school and is stressful through his teacher, al-Khuttalī, bump al-Husrī, al-Shiblī (d.

    /), impressive al-Junayd (d. /) of Bagdad (Knysh, )."

  7. ^Alexander D. Knysh, Islamic mysticism. A short history (Leiden ), p.
  8. ^ abcdHosain, Hidayet and Massé, H., "Hud̲j̲wīrī", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P.

    Bearman, Decoration. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. precursor Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs

  9. ^ abHujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans. R. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), owner. 31
  10. ^Hujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans. Regard.

    A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), p. 32 (trans. to some extent or degre altered)

  11. ^Hujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans. Heed. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), p. 70
  12. ^ abcHujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans.

    R. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), owner. 72

  13. ^Hujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans. Acclaim. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), p. 73
  14. ^ abcHujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans.

    R. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), proprietor. 74

  15. ^ abcHujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans. R. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), p.

    Jij bent mijn leven anneke gronloh biography

    76

  16. ^Hujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans. R. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), p. 78
  17. ^Hujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans. R. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), proprietor. 77
  18. ^Hujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans. Heed. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), p.

    92

  19. ^Hujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans. R. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), pp.
  20. ^ abHujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans. Heed. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), p.
  21. ^See Hujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans.

    R. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), proprietress.

  22. ^ abcdHujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans. R. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), p.
  23. ^ abSee Hujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans.

    Acclaim. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), p.

  24. ^ abSee Hujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans. R. Smart. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), p.
  25. ^ abSee Hujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans.

    R. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), proprietress.

  26. ^See Hujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans. R. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), p.
  27. ^ abcdefgStrothmann, Linus, "Dātā Ganj Bakhsh, Enclose of", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Contour, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, Closet Nawas, Everett Rowson.
  28. ^ abcdHosain, Hidayet and Massé, H., "Hud̲j̲wīrī", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P.

    Bearman, Undo. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. forefront Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.

  29. ^ abHujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans. R. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), holder.

    Erez eisen biography books

    vii

  30. ^ abcHujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub, trans. R. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), p. viii
  31. ^"تذکرۂ صالحین - گنج بخش فیضِ عالَم مظہرِ نورِ خدا / مجدد الف ثانی اور مجدد دین و ملت". Dawate Islami.

    Retrieved 15 May

  32. ^Hosain, Hidayet coupled with Massé, H., "Hud̲j̲wīrī", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Abbreviated by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs: "Iranian mystic, national at Hud̲j̲wīr, a suburb call up G̲h̲azna Although he was keen Sunni and a Hanafi".
  33. ^Pilgrims illustrate Love: The Anthropology of systematic Global Sufi Cult; Pnina Werbner, p.

    4, Published , Apophthegm. Hurst & Co.

  34. ^ abMarcia Hermansen, "Ali ibn Uthman al-Hujwiri," score Holy People of the World: A Cross Cultural Encyclopedia, armed. Phyllis G. Jestice (ABC-CLIO, ), p.
  35. ^Wach, Joachim (). "Spiritual Teachings in Islam: A Study".

    The Journal of Religion. 28 (4). University of Chicago Press: – doi/ ISSN&#; JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;

  36. ^"Data Sahib Urs: Lahore district govt declares public holiday on Nov 21". 19 November