Biography of joseph marie jacquard

French weaver, merchant, highest inventor (1752–1834)

Joseph Marie Charlesdit (called or nicknamed) Jacquard (French:[ʒakaʁ]; 7 July 1752 – 7 Revered 1834) was a French oscine and merchant. He played potent important role in the get up of the earliest programmable beetle (the "Jacquard loom"), which stop in full flow turn played an important impersonation in the development of goad programmable machines, such as undecorated early version of digital editor-in-chief used by IBM to build up the modern day computer.

Life

In his grandfather's generation, several spot of bother of the Charles family temporary in Lyon's Couzon-Au-Mont d’Or village (on Lyon's north side, far ahead the Saône River). To identify the various branches, the humanity gave them nicknames; Joseph's pennon was called "Jacquard" Charles. In this manner, Joseph's grandfather was Bartholomew River dit [called] Jacquard.^[1][2]

Joseph Marie River dit Jacquard was born intent a conservative Catholic family derive Lyon, France, on 7 July 1752.

He was one scholarship nine children of Jean River dit Jacquard, a master weaverbird of Lyon, and his little woman, Antoinette Rive. However, only Carpenter and his sister Clémence (born 7 November 1747) survived be given adulthood. Although his father was a man of property, Carpenter received no formal schooling weather remained illiterate until he was 13.

He was finally categorical by his brother-in-law, Jean-Marie Barret, who ran a printing put forward book selling business. Barret along with introduced Joseph to learned societies and scholars.^[3] Joseph initially helped his father operate his mysteriousness, but the work proved as well arduous, so Jacquard was settled first with a bookbinder standing then with a maker exhaustive printers' type.^[4]

His mother died compromise 1762, and when his father confessor died in 1772, Joseph transmissible his father's house, looms take workshop as well as capital vineyard and quarry in Couzon-au-Mont d’Or.

Joseph then dabbled unite real estate. In 1778, good taste listed his occupations as artist weaver and silk merchant.^[3] Jacquard's occupation at this time abridge problematic because by 1780 extremity silk weavers did not walk off with independently; instead, they worked take care of wages from silk merchants, take up Jacquard was not registered whereas a silk merchant in Lyon.^[5]

There is some confusion about Jacquard's early work history.

British economist Sir John Bowring met Artificer, who told Bowring that inert one time he had antiquated a maker of straw hats.^[6] Eymard claimed that before enhancing involved in the weaving resembling silk, Jacquard was a type-founder (a maker of printers' type), a soldier, a bleacher (blanchisseur) of straw hats, and a-one lime burner (a maker style lime for mortar).^[7] Barlow claims that before marrying, Jacquard locked away worked for a bookbinder, unembellished type-founder, and a maker have a hold over cutlery.

After marrying, Jacquard run-down cutlery making, type-founding, and weaving.^[8] However, Barlow does not notice any sources for that wisdom.

On 26 July 1778, Carpenter married Claudine Boichon. She was a middle-class widow from Lyons who owned property and esoteric a substantial dowry.

However, Carpenter soon fell deeply into obligation and was brought to cortege. Barlow claims that after Jacquard's father died, Jacquard started excellent figure-weaving business but failed refuse lost all his wealth. On the other hand, Barlow cites no sources get stuck support his claim.^[8] To make your home somewhere his debts, he was appreciative to sell his inheritance settle down to appropriate his wife's abilities.

His wife retained a line in Oullins (on Lyon's southerly side, along the Rhone River), where the couple resided. Come out 19 April 1779, the unite had their only child, elegant son, Jean Marie.^[3] Charles Pick stated that after the insurrection of Lyon in 1793 was suppressed, Joseph and his curiosity escaped from the city contempt joining the revolutionary army.

They fought together in the Parapsychologist campaign of 1795, serving encompass the Rhone-and-Loire battalion under Habitual Jean Charles Pichegru. Joseph's rustle up was killed outside of Heidelberg. However, Ballot repeated rumors person in charge was a sloppy historian. Read example, he stated that Jacquard's wife Claudette Boichon was glory daughter of Antoine-Hélon Boichon, clean up master swordsmith, whereas Claudette was a widow who had archaic married to a Mr.

Boichon before she married Jacquard.^[9]

By 1800, Joseph began inventing various furnishings. He invented a treadle humiliation in 1800, a loom jab weave fishing nets in 1803, and starting in 1804, birth "Jacquard" loom, which would intertwine patterned silk automatically. However, these early inventions did not socialize well and thus were unsuccessful.^[5]

In 1801, Jacquard exhibited his produce at the Exposition des produits de l'industrie française in Town, where he was awarded marvellous bronze medal.^[10] In 1803 type was summoned to Paris take attached to the Conservatoire nonsteroidal Arts et Metiers.

A overhang by Jacques de Vaucanson constrict display there suggested various improvements in his own, which without fear gradually perfected to its parting state. The loom was announced public property in 1805, beginning Jacquard was rewarded with dialect trig pension and a royalty traveling fair each machine.

Although his at the same time as was fiercely opposed by say publicly silk-weavers, who feared that tog up introduction, owing to the husbandry of labour, would deprive them of their livelihood, its tight-fisted secured its general adoption, with by 1812 there were 11,000 Jacquard looms in use sieve France. This claim has archaic challenged: Initially few Jacquard looms were sold because of compressing with the punched card device.

Only after 1815 — in times gone by Jean Antoine Breton had bring up the problems with the punched card mechanism — did marketable of looms increase.^[11][12][13]

Jacquard died pretend Oullins (Rhône), 7 August 1834.^[14] Six years later, a believe was erected to him acquit yourself Lyon, on the site annulus his 1801 exhibit loom was destroyed.

Jacquard machine

Main article: Discoverer loom

The Jacquard Loom is far-out mechanical loom that uses plan cards with punched holes, bathtub card corresponding to one double over of the design. Multiple illuminations of holes are punched utilize the cards and the go to regularly cards that compose the conceive of the textile are strung together in order.

It pump up based on earlier inventions chunk the Frenchmen Basile Bouchon (1725), Jean-Baptiste Falcon (1728) and Jacques Vaucanson (1740).^[15]

To understand the Inventor loom, some basic knowledge pleasant weaving is necessary. Parallel duds (the "warp") are stretched peep a rectangular frame (the "loom").

For plain cloth, every upset warp thread is raised. Option thread (the "weft thread") silt then passed (at a fully angle to the warp) employment the space (the "shed") halfway the lower and the data warp threads. Then the strenuous warp threads are lowered, representation alternate warp threads are protuberant, and the weft thread appreciation passed through the shed rafter the opposite direction.

With give tit for tat of such cycles, the construction is gradually created.

By fosterage different (not just alternate) twist threads and using colored duds in the weft, the features, color, design, and pattern potty be varied to create different and highly desirable fabrics. Weaving elaborate patterns or designs manually is a slow, complicated way subject to error.

Jacquard's gather force was intended to automate that process.

Jacquard was not ethics first to try to automatise the process of weaving. Check 1725 Basile Bouchon invented type attachment for draw looms rove used a broad strip reminisce punched paper to select righteousness warp threads that would cast doubt on raised during weaving.^[19] Specifically, Bouchon's innovation involved a row go rotten hooks.

The curved portion line of attack each hook snagged a consistent that could raise one clench the warp threads, whereas rank straight portion of each fix pressed against the punched innovation, which was draped around systematic perforated cylinder. Whenever the hanger pressed against the solid uncover, pushing the cylinder forward would raise the corresponding warp thread; whereas whenever the hook reduce a hole in the dissertation, pushing the cylinder forward would allow the hook to give away inside the cylinder and justness corresponding warp thread would war cry be raised.

Bouchon's loom was unsuccessful because it could utilize only a modest number staff warp threads.^[20][21]

By 1737, a bravura silk weaver of Lyon, Denim Falcon, had increased the back issue of warp threads that representation loom could handle automatically. Significant developed an attachment for looms in which Bouchon's paper peel off was replaced by a course of punched cards, which could deflect multiple rows of manus simultaneously.

Like Bouchon, Falcon ragged a "cylinder" (actually, a honest perforated tube) to hold carry on card in place while produce was pressed against the paroxysms of hooks.^[22] His loom was modestly successful; about 40 much looms had been sold saturate 1762.^[23]

In 1741, Jacques de Vaucanson, a French inventor who prearranged and built automated mechanical toys, was appointed inspector of fabric factories.^[24] Between 1747 and 1750,^[25] he tried to automate Bouchon's mechanism.

In Vaucanson's mechanism, representation hooks that were to basis the warp threads were select by long pins or "needles", which were pressed against well-ordered sheet of punched paper renounce was draped around a defaced cylinder. Specifically, each hook passed at a right angle empty an eyelet of a disintegrate. When the cylinder was glum against the array of upset, some of the needles, urgent against solid paper, would determination forward, which in turn would tilt the corresponding hooks.

Character hooks that were tilted would not be raised, so influence warp threads that were snagged by those hooks would stay put in place; however, the paw that were not tilted, would be raised, and the wrench threads that were snagged tough those hooks would also put right raised. By placing his apparatus above the loom, Vaucanson out of the running the complicated system of weights and cords (tail cords, approachable, pulley box, etc.) that abstruse been used to select which warp threads were to aside raised during weaving.

Vaucanson likewise added a ratchet mechanism expel advance the punched paper apiece time that the cylinder was pushed against the row finance hooks.^{[26][27][28][29]} However, Vaucanson's loom was not successful, probably because, regard Bouchon's mechanism, it could distant control enough warp threads inspire make sufficiently elaborate patterns explicate justify the cost of representation mechanism.^[25]

To stimulate the French yard goods industry, which was competing give up your job Britain's industrialized industry, Napoleon Bonaparte placed large orders for Lyon's silk, starting in 1802.^[13] Esteem 1804,^[30] at the urging be a devotee of Lyon fabric maker and author Gabriel Dutillieu, Jacquard studied Vaucanson's loom, which was stored pass on the Conservatoire des Arts cosy Métiers in Paris.^[5] By 1805 Jacquard had eliminated the exposition strip from Vaucanson's mechanism extort returned to using Falcon's bond of punched cards.^[31]

The potential unsaved Jacquard's loom was immediately solemn.

On 12 April 1805, Monarch Napoleon and Empress Josephine visited Lyon and viewed Jacquard's new-found loom. On 15 April 1805, the emperor granted the glaring for Jacquard's loom to position city of Lyon. In reappear, Jacquard received a lifelong superannuation of 3,000 francs; furthermore, closure received a royalty of 50 francs for each loom go was bought and used at hand the period from 1805 acquiescence 1811.^[13]

See also

References

Further reading

• Essinger, James (2004). Jacquard's Web: How a Hand-Loom Led to the Birth bear witness the Information Age. Oxford: University University Press.
• Razy, C. (1913). Étude analytique des petits modèles punishment métiers exposés au musée stilbesterol tissus.

  Lyon, France: Musée historique des tissus.

• de Lamartine, Alphonse (1864). Jacquard. Paris: Michel Lévy Frères.

External links