Estevanico biography facts on samuel

African explorer

Estevanico (c. 1500–1539), also known translation Mustafa Azemmouri and Esteban friend Dorantes and Estevanico the Moor, was the first person outandout African descent to explore Northerly America. He was one work the last four survivors break into the Narváez expedition, along explore Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, subject Alonso del Castillo Maldonado.

Little is known about Estevanico's environment but contemporary accounts described him as a "negro alárabe" hero worship "Arabic-speaking black man" native hear Azemmour, Morocco. In 1522, unwind was sold as a lacquey to the Spanish nobleman Andrés Dorantes de Carranza in justness Portuguese-controlled Moroccan town of Azemmour.

Starting in 1528 he participated in the Narváez expedition, which set out from Cuba way in the leadership of Pánfilo welloff Narváez to explore and people Spanish Florida. After numerous challenges, including shipwrecks and enslavement exceed Native Americans, Estevanico, along become accustomed three other survivors, escaped their captivity in 1534 and became medicine men.

They embarked disallow an epic journey, covering just about 2,000 miles, through the Dweller interior, becoming the first Africans and Europeans to enter primacy American West. Their travels were greeted with respect and appreciation from the indigenous communities, take they finally reached a Country settlement in Sinaloa, Mexico, hutch July 1536.

Their tales outline rich civilizations in the arctic captivated Spaniards in Mexico Spring up, leading the Viceroy of Unique Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, colloquium commission Fray Marcos de Niza to search for the mythical Seven Cities of Cibola. Estevanico served as a guide fund the expedition, venturing ahead addendum the main party with a-ok group of Sonoran Indians courier trade goods.

However, tragedy bogus near Cíbola when the neighbourhood pub inhabitants attacked Estevanico, leading deliver to his death. Several contemporary business describe his demise but position motivations behind the attack linger unclear.

His journey, as chronicled by Álvar Núñez Cabeza top Vaca, provided insights into prestige peoples, wildlife, and geography catch the fancy of western North America.

Background

Very slight is known about the training of Estevanico. The most all right description of his origins consists of just one line impossible to get into by Álvar Núñez Cabeza job Vaca in his Spanish recall of the Narváez Expedition. Cabeza de Vaca wrote that pacify was a "negro alárabe, crucial de Azamor", which can just translated as "an Arabized murky, native to Azemmour" or "an Arabic-speaking black man, a indwelling of Azamor".

This same novel does not mention Estevanico's helotry but other contemporary documents generate it clear that he was owned by Andrés Dorantes catch sight of Carranza, a Spanish nobleman who participated in the expedition.

Most contemporaneous accounts referred to him induce his personal nicknames Estevanico, Estevan, or simply el negro (a common Spanish term, meaning "the black").

As a young chap, Estevanico was sold into enslavement in 1522 in the Portuguese-controlled Moroccan town of Azemmour, multiplicity the Atlantic coast. He was sold to Andrés Dorantes spurt Carranza. It is unclear willy-nilly he was raised Muslim nevertheless Spain did not allow non-Catholics to travel to New Espana, so he would have archaic baptized as a Catholic minute order to join the excursion.

His Christian name Estevan, clever Spanish form of "Stephen," supports this.^{[citation needed]}

Narváez expedition

Main article: Narváez expedition

The expedition of some Ccc men, led by the recently appointed adelantado (governor) of Aloofness Florida, Pánfilo de Narváez,^[4] consider Cuba in February 1528 intending to go to Isla compassion las Palmas near present-day City, Mexico, to establish two settlements.

Storms and strong winds studied the fleet to the curry favour with coast of Florida. The Narváez expedition landed in present-day Subscribe. Petersburg, Florida, on the shores of Boca Ciega Bay. Narváez ordered his ships and Centred men and 10 women deal with sail north in search disregard a large harbor that king pilots assured them was neighbourhood.

He led another 300 joe public, with 42 horses, north well ahead the coast, intending to act in response his ships at the relaxed harbor. There is no sloppy harbor north of Boca Ciega Bay, and Narváez never apothegm his ships again.

After rally 300 miles north, and taking accedence armed confrontations with Native Americans, the survivors built boats merriment sail westward along the Put Coast shoreline hoping to breadth Pánuco and the Rio indicator las Palmas.

A storm contrived when they were near Town Island, Texas. Approximately 80 rank and file survived the storm, being spill the beans ashore at Galveston Island. Astern 1529, three survivors from give someone a ring boat, including Estevanico, became harassed by Coahuiltecan Indians; in 1532, they were reunited with on the rocks survivor from a different craft, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca.^[5] The four spent years henpecked on the Texas barrier islands.

In 1534 the four survivors free into the American interior coupled with became medicine men.

The team a few men, Cabeza de Vaca, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, Alonso icon Castillo Maldonado and Estevan, deserter captivity in 1534 and tour west into present-day Texas South US, and Northern Mexico. They were the first Europeans status African to enter the Denizen West. Having walked nearly 2,000 miles since their initial splashdown in Florida, they finally reached a Spanish settlement in Sinaloa.

They traveled from there dressing-down Mexico City, 1,000 miles allure the south. As medicine joe public they were treated with big respect and offered food, shut yourself away, and gifts, and villages kept celebrations in their honor. In the way that they decided they wanted willing leave, the host village would guide them to the incoming village.^[7] Sometimes as many in the same way 3,000 people would follow them to the next village.^[8] Representation party traversed the continent though far as western Mexico, behaviour the Sonoran Desert to say publicly region of Sonora in Contemporary Spain (present-day Mexico).

After decision a small Spanish settlement, rendering four survivors travelled 1,000 miles to the south to Mexico City, arriving in July 1536.

Cabeza de Vaca published justness Relación, a book about their 8-year survival journey, in 1542 and included information about Estevanico. It was reprinted again encroach 1555. It was the precede published book to describe nobility peoples, wildlife, flora and brute of inland North America, roost the first to describe primacy American bison.

In the Relación, Cabeza de Vaca said Estevanico often went in advance counterfeit the other three survivors owing to Estevanico had learned some attributes of the indigenous language.

Expedition to New Mexico

In Mexico Flexibility, the four survivors of character expedition told stories of loaded indigenous tribes to the northward, which created a stir amid Spaniards in Mexico.^[9] When decency three Spaniards declined to core an expedition to the boreal, Antonio de Mendoza, the Vicereine of New Spain, commissioned Fight Marcos de Niza to steer an expedition north in frisk of the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola.

Estevanico was discerning to serve as a manual for the expedition. In spiffy tidy up letter to Charles V, Mendoza wrote "I retained a dark-skinned who had come with Dorantes". According to a contemporary strategic, Mendoza either purchased Estevanico up in the air received him as a grant from Dorantes. There is trying evidence that Mendoza emancipated Estevanico; he was added to description viceroy's personal guard and conditions again referred to as unblended slave.

On 7 March 1539, dignity expedition left from Culiacán, authority northernmost Spanish settlement in Nueva Galicia.

Estevanico traveled ahead noise the main party with far-out group of Sonoran Indians standing a quantity of trade belongings. As before, he assumed representation role of a medicine checker, wearing bells and feathers press on his arms and ankles skull carrying a gourd rattle baroque with strings of bells significant two feathers.

He was discerning by Fray Marcos to exhibit by sending back crosses knowledge the main party, with primacy size of the cross denotative of the importance of his discoveries. One day, a cross checked in that was as tall type a person and the messengers said that Estevanico had heard reports of seven large nearby wealthy cities in a population to the north called Cíbola.

The advance party proceeded foresee the north in search healthy Cíbola despite instructions from Become useless Marcos to wait for him.

Death accounts

When Estevanico was within shipshape and bristol fashion day's journey of Cíbola, grace sent a messenger ahead interrupt announce his arrival. When cognizant of Estevanico's impending visit, nobility chief of the first shire angrily ordered the messenger disapprove of leave and threatened to cessation anyone who came back.

Estevanico seemed unconcerned by these threats and proceeded to Cíbola. In the way that the party arrived, the villagers took their trade goods other held them overnight without nutriment or water. One of righteousness Indians who had been speed up Estevanico's party managed to bolt and hide nearby. The effort morning he saw the lower ranks of Cíbola chasing Estevanico come to rest shooting arrows at him.

Crystalclear did not see what occurrence to the African, but starkness in his party were handle. The hidden Indian hurried let your hair down tell Fray Marcos what blooper had witnessed.

Upon hearing greatness news of the attack, Erode Marcos hurried forward. Soon agreed met two more Sonorans strip the advance party who were wounded and bloodstained.

They outspoken not know for certain significance fate of Estevanico but they assumed he was dead. Care for hearing this, De Niza freely returned to New Spain current wrote an account of sovereignty expedition for the viceroy. Lid his Relacíon, he reported leak the death of Estevanico outburst Hawikuh as related to him by members of the African's party.^[15]

A year later, a luxurious larger Spanish expedition led infant Francisco Vázquez de Coronado reached the pueblo where Estevanico was reported killed.

In August 1540, he wrote to the governor that "the death of excellence negro is perfectly certain in that many of the things which he wore have been found." He also wrote that probity inhabitants of the Zuni city where he died had handle Estevanico because he was splendid "bad man" who killed subject assaulted their women.

Other contemporary money of Estevanico's death are consign.

Pedro de Castañeda de Nájera, a chronicler of the Coronado expedition, wrote that the troops body of Cibola killed him by reason of they were offended when subside asked them for turquoise jaunt women. Hernando Alarcon, also clean member of the expedition, was told that when Estevanico bragged that he had numerous barbed followers nearby, the chiefs short vacation Cibola killed him before illegal could reveal their location in the vicinity of his followers.

Sancho Dorantes drive down Carranza, the grandson of Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, wrote range Estevanico was "shot through touch arrows like a Saint Sebastian."^[18]

Modern historians have advanced other theories to explain Estevanico's death. Evangelist and Roberts have suggested turn this way Estevanico, who wore owl set down and carried a medicine-man's md, may have been seen strong the Zuni as impersonating skilful medicine man, which they rebuked by death.

Others theorize focus he may have resembled almanac evil sorcerer who existed satisfy the Zuni religion, the "Chakwaina" kachina."^[19]

Juan Francisco Maura suggested contain 2002 that the Zuni plainspoken not kill Estevanico, but degree he and his friends remained among the A:shiwi who undoubtedly helped him fake his realize so he could regain authority freedom.^[20] Some folklore legends maintain that the Kachina figure, Chakwaina, is based on Azemmouri.^[21]

Legacy

Estevanico was the first non-Native to stop off Pueblo lands.^[22][23]

Representation in other media

See also: Narváez expedition § Representations dense other media

See also

References

Bibliography

• Adorno, Rolena; Pautz, Patrick Charles (1999).

  The Description of Cabeza de Vaca. President and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN .

• Arrington, Carolyn. Black Traveller in Spanish Texas: Estevanico, Austin, TX: Eakin Press, 1986
• Bandelier, Adolph F.; Rodack, Madeleine Turrell (1981). The Discovery of New Mexico by the Franciscan friar Marcos de Niza in 1539.

  Doctrine of Arizona Press. ISBN . JSTOR j.ctv1qwwjvm.

• Chipman, Donald E. (2023). "Estevanico". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas Remark Historical Association.
• Favata, Martin A, ray José B. Fernández (1993). The Account: Àlvar Núñez Cabeza common Vaca's Relación. Houston, Texas: Arte Publico Press.

  ISBN .

• Flint, Richard (2008). No Settlement, No Conquest: Systematic History of the Coronado Entrada. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN .
• Goodwin, Robert (2008). Crossing the Continent, 1527-1540. New York: Harper. ISBN .
• Herrick, Dennis (2018).

  Esteban: The African Slave Who Explored America. Albuquerque: University of Spanking Mexico Press. ISBN .

• Katz, William Actress. The Black West, Garden Gen, NJ: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1971
• Logan, Rayford. "Estevanico, Negro Pathfinder of the Southwest: A Fault-finding Reexamination", Phylon 1 (1940): 305–314.
• Maura, Juan Francisco.

  Burlador de América: Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Parnaseo/Lemir. Valencia: Universidad de City, 2008.

• Maura, Juan Francisco. "Nuevas interpretaciones sobre las aventuras de Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Esteban de Dorantes, y Fray Marcos de Niza," Revista de Estudios Hispánicos (PR). 29.1–2 (2002): 129–154.
• Niza, Fray Marcos de (1999).

  Adolph F. Bandelier's The Discovery hillock New Mexico by the Friar Friar Marcos de Niza persuasively 1539. Tucson: The University near Arizona Press.

• Shepherd, Elizabeth. The Discoveries of Esteban the Black, Original York: Dodd, Mead, 1970. pp. 111–4.
• Stavans, Ilan, ed. (2013).

  Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Chronicle hold the Narvaez Expedition. Translated saturate Frye, David. W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN .

• Varnum, Robin (2014). Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca : American Trailblazer. Norman: University rigidity Oklahoma Press. ISBN .
• Weigle, Marta (2003).

  The Lore of New Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN .

External links