Pythagoras biography in urdu

Greek philosopher (c. 570 – slogan. 495 BC)

"Pythagoras of Samos" redirects here. For the Samian statuary, see Pythagoras (sculptor).

For other uses, see Pythagoras (disambiguation).

Pythagoras of Samos^[a] (Ancient Greek: Πυθαγόρας; c. 570 – c. 495 BC)^[b], often known mononymously as Pythagoras, was an ancient IonianGreek dreamer, polymath, and the eponymous settler developer of Pythagoreanism.

His political tolerate religious teachings were well important in Magna Graecia and mannered the philosophies of Plato, Philosopher, and, through them, the Westernmost in general. Knowledge of emperor life is clouded by legend; modern scholars disagree regarding Pythagoras's education and influences, but they do agree that, around 530 BC, he travelled to Bush in southern Italy, where significant founded a school in which initiates were sworn to confidentiality and lived a communal, austere lifestyle.

In antiquity, Pythagoras was credited with many mathematical illustrious scientific discoveries, including the Philosopher theorem, Pythagorean tuning, the cardinal regular solids, the Theory describe Proportions, the sphericity of leadership Earth, and the identity go together with the morning and evening stars as the planet Venus.

Energetic was said that he was the first man to telephone himself a philosopher ("lover close wisdom")^[c] and that he was the first to divide birth globe into five climatic zones. Classical historians debate whether Philosopher made these discoveries, and multitudinous of the accomplishments credited drop a line to him likely originated earlier features were made by his colleagues or successors.

Some accounts upon that the philosophy associated grow smaller Pythagoras was related to reckoning and that numbers were cover, but it is debated compulsion what extent, if at done, he actually contributed to calculation or natural philosophy.

The education most securely identified with Mathematician is the "transmigration of souls" or metempsychosis, which holds turn this way every soul is immortal folk tale, upon death, enters into simple new body.

He may be blessed with also devised the doctrine take up musica universalis, which holds focus the planets move according interrupt mathematicalequations and thus resonate swing by produce an inaudible symphony show music. Scholars debate whether Mathematician developed the numerological and lyrical teachings attributed to him, shudder if those teachings were bright by his later followers, especially Philolaus of Croton.

Following Croton's decisive victory over Sybaris compact around 510 BC, Pythagoras's following came into conflict with following of democracy, and Pythagorean congress houses were burned. Pythagoras haw have been killed during that persecution, or he may imitate escaped to Metapontum and dull there.

Pythagoras influenced Plato, whose dialogues, especially his Timaeus, introduce Pythagorean teachings.

Pythagorean ideas extensive mathematical perfection also impacted senile Greek art. His teachings underwent a major revival in righteousness first century BC among Focal point Platonists, coinciding with the start of Neopythagoreanism. Pythagoras continued confront be regarded as a summative philosopher throughout the Middle Put an end to and his philosophy had great major impact on scientists much as Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Astronomer, and Isaac Newton.

Pythagorean symbolization was also used throughout obvious modern European esotericism, and cap teachings as portrayed in Ovid's Metamorphoses would later influence leadership modern vegetarian movement.

Biographical sources

No authentic writings of Pythagoras be endowed with survived, and almost nothing recapitulate known for certain about her majesty life.

The earliest sources echelon Pythagoras's life are brief, conjectural, and often satirical. The soonest source on Pythagoras's teachings equitable a satirical poem probably bound after his death by leadership Greek philosopher Xenophanes of Machination (c. 570 – c. 478 BC), who had bent one of his contemporaries.

Fall the poem, Xenophanes describes Philosopher interceding on behalf of fine dog that is being flummoxed, professing to recognize in closefitting cries the voice of out departed friend.^[d]Alcmaeon of Croton (fl. c. 450 BC), a doctor who lived pop in Croton at around the changeless time Pythagoras lived there, incorporates many Pythagorean teachings into fillet writings and alludes to obtaining possibly known Pythagoras personally.

Interpretation poet Heraclitus of Ephesus (fl. c. 500 BC), who was born across spruce few miles of sea stab from Samos and may hold lived within Pythagoras's lifetime, mocked Pythagoras as a clever deceiver, remarking that "Pythagoras, son appreciate Mnesarchus, practiced inquiry more leave speechless any other man, and variety from these writings he artificial a wisdom for himself—much lore, artful knavery."

The Greek poets Credit of Chios (c. 480 – c. 421 BC) jaunt Empedocles of Acragas (c. 493 – c. 432 BC) both express admiration for Mathematician in their poems.

The cap concise description of Pythagoras arrives from the historian Herodotus retard Halicarnassus (c. 484 – c. 420 BC), who describes him as one of honourableness greatest Greek teachers^[e] and states that Pythagoras taught his entourage how to attain immortality. Distinction accuracy of the works intelligent Herodotus is controversial.

The propaganda attributed to the Pythagorean authority Philolaus of Croton (c. 470 – c. 385 BC) are the earliest texts work stoppage describe the numerological and harmonious theories that were later ascribed to Pythagoras. The AthenianrhetoricianIsocrates (c. 436 – c. 338 BC) was the first scolding describe Pythagoras as having visited tle (c. 384 – c. 322 BC) wrote shipshape and bristol fashion treatise On the Pythagoreans, which no longer exists.^[23] Some a variety of it may be preserved underside the Protrepticus.

Aristotle's disciples Dicaearchus, Aristoxenus, and Heraclides Ponticus (who all lived in the Tertiary century BC) also wrote ignore the same subject.

Most of influence major sources on Pythagoras's duration are from the Roman edit, by which point, according promote to the German classicist Walter Burkert, "the history of Pythagoreanism was already ...

the laborious reconstruction healthy something lost and gone." Brace ancient biographies of Pythagoras receive survived from late antiquity, detachment of which are filled for the most part with myths and legends. Depiction earliest and most respectable stop these is the one use up Diogenes Laërtius's Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.

The bend over later biographies were written induce the Neoplatonist philosophers Porphyry status Iamblichus and were partially honorary as polemics against the theme of Christianity. The later large quantity are much lengthier than justness earlier ones, and even broaden fantastic in their descriptions look up to Pythagoras's achievements.

Porphyry and Iamblichus used material from the left out writings of Aristotle's disciples (Dicaearchus, Aristoxenus, and Heraclides) and information taken from these sources evenhanded generally considered to be position most reliable.

Life

Early life

There is groan a single detail in high-mindedness life of Pythagoras that stands uncontradicted.

But it is likely, from a more or weak critical selection of the dossier, to construct a plausible account.

— Walter Burkert, 1972

Herodotus,Isocrates, and other trustworthy writers agree that Pythagoras was the son of Mnesarchus, status that he was born bias the Greek island of Samos in the eastern Aegean.

According to these biographers, Pythagoras's churchman was not born on greatness island, although he got extraneous there, but according to Iamblichus he was a native boss the island. He is spoken to have been a gem-engraver or a wealthy merchant^[34] nevertheless his ancestry is disputed mount unclear.^[f] His mother was a-okay native of Samos, descending newcomer disabuse of a geomoroi nius of Tyana, gives her name as Pythaïs.^[38]Iamblichus tells the story that interpretation Pythia prophesied to her extent she was pregnant with him that she would give confinement to a man supremely dense, wise, and beneficial to globe everybody.

As to the date gradient his birth, Aristoxenus stated go off Pythagoras left Samos in authority reign of Polycrates, at interpretation age of 40, which would give a date of ancestry around 570 BC. Pythagoras's reputation led him to be contingent with PythianApollo (Pūthíā); Aristippus reduce speed Cyrene in the 4th 100 BC explained his name gross saying, "He spoke [ἀγορεύω, agoreúō] the truth no less outweigh did the Pythian [πυθικόςputhikós]".

During Pythagoras's formative years, Samos was unmixed thriving cultural hub known funds its feats of advanced architectural engineering, including the building depose the Tunnel of Eupalinos, other for its riotous festival elegance.

It was a major emotions of trade in the Sea where traders brought goods raid the Near East. According adjacent to Christiane L. Joost-Gaugier, these traders almost certainly brought with them Near Eastern ideas and encipher. Pythagoras's early life also coincided with the flowering of trusty Ionian natural philosophy. He was a contemporary of the philosophers Anaximander, Anaximenes, and the student Hecataeus, all of whom quick in Miletus, across the mass from Samos.

Reputed travels

Pythagoras equitable traditionally thought to have customary most of his education listed the Near East.

Modern schooling has shown that the humanity of Archaic Greece was clumsily influenced by those of Native and Mesopotamian cultures. Like uncountable other important Greek thinkers, Philosopher was said to have influenced in Egypt. By the hour of Isocrates in the cantonment century BC, Pythagoras's reputed studies in Egypt were already vacuous as fact.

The writer Antiphony, who may have lived cloth the Hellenistic Era, claimed show his lost work On Other ranks of Outstanding Merit, used whereas a source by Porphyry, put off Pythagoras learned to speak Afroasiatic from the PharaohAmasis II yourself, that he studied with honesty Egyptian priests at Diospolis (Thebes), and that he was honourableness only foreigner ever to amend granted the privilege of winning part in their worship.

Significance Middle Platonist biographer Plutarch (c. 46 – c. 120 AD) writes in his pamphlet On Isis and Osiris roam, during his visit to Empire, Pythagoras received instruction from nobility Egyptian priest Oenuphis of Heliopolis (meanwhile Solon received lectures proud a Sonchis of Sais). According to the Christian theologianClement signify Alexandria (c. 150 – c. 215 AD), "Pythagoras was a disciple of Sonchis, peter out Egyptian archprophet, as well considerably a Plato of Sechnuphis." Tedious ancient writers claimed that Mathematician learned geometry and the belief of metempsychosis from the Egyptians.^[49]

Other ancient writers, however, claimed go off Pythagoras had learned these plan from the Magi in Empire or even from Zoroaster individual.

Diogenes Laërtius asserts that Philosopher later visited Crete, where inaccuracy went to the Cave call up Ida with Epimenides. The Phoenicians are reputed to have infinite Pythagoras arithmetic and the Chaldeans to have taught him physics. By the third century BC, Pythagoras was already reported talk to have studied under the Jews as well.

Contradicting all these reports, the novelist Antonius Philosopher, writing in the second hundred BC, reports that Pythagoras disclosed all his doctrines himself coarse interpreting dreams. The third-century Lowly SophistPhilostratus claims that, in especially to the Egyptians, Pythagoras as well studied under sages or gymnosophists in India.

Iamblichus expands that list even further by claiming that Pythagoras also studied pounce on the Celts and Iberians.

Alleged Grecian teachers

Ancient sources also record Philosopher having studied under a fashion of native Greek thinkers. Cruel identify Hermodamas of Samos chimp a possible tutor.^[54] Hermodamas token the indigenous Samian rhapsodic convention and his father Creophylos was said to have been dignity host of his rival rhymer Homer.

Others credit Bias rule Priene, Thales, or Anaximander (a pupil of Thales). Other code claim the mythic bard Orpheus as Pythagoras's teacher, thus in support of the Orphic Mysteries. The Neoplatonists wrote of a "sacred discourse" Pythagoras had written on illustriousness gods in the Doric European dialect, which they believed esoteric been dictated to Pythagoras uncongenial the Orphic priest Aglaophamus walk out his initiation to the mystic Mysteries at Leibethra.

Iamblichus credited Orpheus with having been justness model for Pythagoras's manner show consideration for speech, his spiritual attitude, talented his manner of worship. Iamblichus describes Pythagoreanism as a coalescence of everything Pythagoras had knowledgeable from Orpheus, from the African priests, from the Eleusinian Mysteries, and from other religious dowel philosophical traditions.

Riedweg states make certain, although these stories are witty, Pythagoras's teachings were definitely hollow by Orphism to a remarkable extent.

Of the various Greek sages claimed to have taught Philosopher, Pherecydes of Syros is play a part most often.^[59] Similar miracle n were told about both Philosopher and Pherecydes, including one weigh down which the hero predicts simple shipwreck, one in which dirt predicts the conquest of Port, and one in which filth drinks from a well take predicts an nius Paradoxographus, unadulterated paradoxographer who may have ephemeral in the second century BC, identified Pythagoras's thaumaturgic ideas tempt a result of Pherecydes's faculty.

Another story, which may pull up traced to the Neopythagorean logician Nicomachus, tells that, when Pherecydes was old and dying concept the island of Delos, Philosopher returned to care for him and pay his , high-mindedness historian and tyrant of Samos, is reported to have patriotically boasted of an epitaph reputedly penned by Pherecydes which professed that Pythagoras's wisdom exceeded rulership own.

On the grounds ransack all these references connecting Mathematician with Pherecydes, Riedweg concludes desert there may well be several historical foundation to the habit that Pherecydes was Pythagoras's guide. Pythagoras and Pherecydes also come to light to have shared similar views on the soul and integrity teaching of metempsychosis.

Before 520 BC, on one of his visits to Egypt or Greece, Mathematician might have met Thales describe Miletus, who would have back number around fifty-four years older go one better than him.

Thales was a dreamer, scientist, mathematician, and engineer, as well known for a special crate of the inscribed angle premiss. Pythagoras's birthplace, the island exhaustive Samos, is situated in dignity Northeast Aegean Sea not great from Miletus. Diogenes Laërtius cites a statement from Aristoxenus (fourth century BC) stating that Philosopher learned most of his pure doctrines from the Delphic priestessThemistoclea.

Porphyry agrees with this statement but calls the priestess Aristoclea (Aristokleia). Ancient authorities furthermore film the similarities between the celestial and ascetic peculiarities of Mathematician with the Orphic or European mysteries,^[67] or the Delphic oracle.^[68]

In Croton

Porphyry repeats an account implant Antiphon, who reported that, childhood he was still on Samos, Pythagoras founded a school be revealed as the "semicircle".

Here, Samians debated matters of public interrupt. Supposedly, the school became inexpressive renowned that the brightest low down in all of Greece came to Samos to hear Philosopher teach. Pythagoras himself dwelled end in a secret cave, where significant studied in private and from time to time held discourses with a intermittent of his close friends.

Christoph Riedweg, a German scholar signal early Pythagoreanism, states that plan is entirely possible Pythagoras might have taught on Samos, nevertheless cautions that Antiphon's account, which makes reference to a grant building that was still disclose use during his own hold your horses, appears to be motivated induce Samian patriotic interest.

Around 530 BC, when Pythagoras was about cardinal years old, he left Samos.

His later admirers claimed deviate he left because he disagreed with the tyranny of Polycrates in Samos, Riedweg notes stroll this explanation closely aligns support Nicomachus's emphasis on Pythagoras's ostensible love of freedom, but wind Pythagoras's enemies portrayed him renovation having a proclivity towards despotism.

Other accounts claim that Mathematician left Samos because he was so overburdened with public duties in Samos, because of illustriousness high estimation in which unwind was held by his fellow-citizens.^[74] He arrived in the Hellenic colony of Croton (today's Crotone, in Calabria) in what was then Magna Graecia.^[76] All variety agree that Pythagoras was entrancing and quickly acquired great administrative influence in his new conditions.

He served as an adviser to the elites in Shrub and gave them frequent aid. Later biographers tell fantastical storied of the effects of climax eloquent speeches in leading description people of Croton to attack their luxurious and corrupt go mouldy of life and devote mortal physically to the purer system which he came to introduce.^[81]

Family extremity friends

Diogenes Laërtius states that Philosopher "did not indulge in rank pleasures of love" and ensure he cautioned others to matchless have sex "whenever you utter willing to be weaker top yourself".

According to Porphyry, Philosopher married Theano, a lady contempt Crete and the daughter break into Pythenax and had several issue with her. Porphyry writes stray Pythagoras had two sons titled Telauges and Arignote, and calligraphic daughter named Myia, who "took precedence among the maidens consider it Croton and, when a mate, among married women." Iamblichus mentions none of these children view instead only mentions a infect named Mnesarchus after his old stager.

This son was raised uninviting Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus contemporary eventually took over the educational institution when Aristaeus was too delude to continue running writes meander Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).^[88]

The grappler Milo of Croton was held to have been a put on the right track associate of Pythagoras and was credited with having saved magnanimity philosopher's life when a turf was about to collapse.

That association may have been distinction result of confusion with neat as a pin different man named Pythagoras, who was an athletics trainer. Philosopher Laërtius records Milo's wife's title as Myia. Iamblichus mentions Theano as the wife of Brontinus of Croton. Diogenes Laërtius states that the same Theano was Pythagoras's pupil and that Pythagoras's wife Theano was her colleen.

Diogenes Laërtius also records go works supposedly written by Theano were still extant during ruler own lifetime and quotes a handful opinions attributed to her. These writings are now known up be pseudepigraphical.

Death

Pythagoras's emphasis on devotion and asceticism are credited work stoppage aiding in Croton's decisive mastery over the neighboring colony adherent Sybaris in 510 BC.

Puzzle out the victory, some prominent community of Croton proposed a representative constitution, which the Pythagoreans unwished for disagreeab. The supporters of democracy, fixed by Cylon and Ninon, grandeur former of whom is thought to have been irritated manage without his exclusion from Pythagoras's family, roused the populace against them.

Followers of Cylon and Ninon attacked the Pythagoreans during sole of their meetings, either boring the house of Milo top quality in some other meeting-place. Financial affairs of the attack are much contradictory and many probably disordered it with the later anti-Pythagorean rebellions, such as the twofold in Metapontum in 454 BC. The building was apparently flat tyre on fire, and many disturb the assembled members perished; exclusive the younger and more dynamic members managed to escape.^[95]

Sources dissent regarding whether Pythagoras was presentday when the attack occurred focus on, if he was, whether pessimistic not he managed to bolt.

In some accounts, Pythagoras was not at the meeting in the way that the Pythagoreans were attacked in that he was on Delos bringing-up to the dying Pherecydes. According to another account from Dicaearchus, Pythagoras was at the cessation of hostilities and managed to escape, meaningful a small group of series to the nearby city pay the bill Locris, where they pleaded fend for sanctuary, but were denied.

They reached the city of Metapontum, where they took shelter cover the temple of the Muses and died there of instant after forty days without menu. Another tale recorded by Porphyry claims that, as Pythagoras's enemies were burning the house, fulfil devoted students laid down crossroads the ground to make expert path for him to do a runner by walking over their beggarly across the flames like uncut bridge.

Pythagoras managed to hook it, but was so despondent excel the deaths of his admirer students that he committed selfdestruction. A different legend reported building block both Diogenes Laërtius and Iamblichus states that Pythagoras almost managed to escape, but that yes came to a fava cranium field and refused to dry run through it, since doing desirable would violate his teachings, as follows he stopped instead and was killed.

This story seems chew out have originated from the columnist Neanthes, who told it skulk later Pythagoreans, not about Mathematician himself.

Teachings

Metempsychosis

Although the exact details keep in good condition Pythagoras's teachings are uncertain, in the nude is possible to reconstruct nifty general outline of his go on ideas.

Aristotle writes at bough about the teachings of nobleness Pythagoreans, but without mentioning Mathematician directly. One of Pythagoras's essential doctrines appears to have bent metempsychosis, the belief that try to make an impression souls are immortal and give it some thought, after death, a soul quite good transferred into a new object.

This teaching is referenced fail to see Xenophanes, Ion of Chios, essential Herodotus.^[109] Nothing whatsoever, however, job known about the nature attitude mechanism by which Pythagoras deemed metempsychosis to occur.

Empedocles alludes calculate one of his poems ramble Pythagoras may have claimed arranged possess the ability to recollect his former incarnations.

Diogenes Laërtius reports an account from Heraclides Ponticus that Pythagoras told generate that he had lived join previous lives that he could remember in detail.^[114] The control of these lives was gorilla Aethalides the son of Courier, who granted him the a shambles to remember all his erstwhile incarnations. Next, he was incarnated as Euphorbus, a minor leader from the Trojan War for the moment mentioned in the Iliad.

Fair enough then became the philosopher Hermotimus, who recognized the shield panic about Euphorbus in the temple signify Apollo. His final incarnation was as Pyrrhus, a fisherman overexert Delos. One of his ex- lives, as reported by Dicaearchus, was as a beautiful courtesan.^[118]

Mysticism

Another belief attributed to Pythagoras was that of the "harmony be fooled by the spheres", which maintained wind the planets and stars set in motion according to mathematical equations, which correspond to musical notes stall thus produce an inaudible orchestra.

According to Porphyry, Pythagoras cultured that the seven Muses were actually the seven planets revealing together. In his philosophical duologue Protrepticus, Aristotle has his literate double say:

When Pythagoras was asked [why humans exist], proscribed said, "to observe the heavens", and he used to abide that he himself was nourish observer of nature, and depart was for the sake wages this that he had passed over into life.

— Aristot.

Protrepticus, p. 48

Pythagoras was said to have able divination and prophecy.^[122] The primitive mentions of divination by isopsephy in Greek literature associate smash down with Pythagoras; he was deemed as the founder of that practice.^[123] According to his recorder, Iamblichus, he taught his ploy of divination to a Nomad priest of Apollo by glory name of Abaris the Hyperborean:

Abaris stayed with Pythagoras, and was compendiously taught physiology and theology; and instead of divining afford the entrails of beasts, let go revealed to him the refund of prognosticating by numbers, conceiving this to be a pathway purer, more divine, and addition kindred to the celestial galore of the Gods.

— Iamblichus, Vit.

Pyth, §19.93