Razliv lenin biography

Founding leader of the Council Union from 1922 to 1924

"Lenin" and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" readdress here. For other uses, witness Lenin (disambiguation). For the chime, see Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (poem).

In this name that follows Accustom Slavic naming customs, the patronym is Ilyich and the family term is Ulyanov.

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov^[b] (22 April [O.S.

10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,^[c] was a Russian revolutionary, legislator and political theorist who was the founder and first purpose of government of Soviet State from 1917 until his passing in 1924, and of magnanimity Soviet Union from 1922 during his death.

The founder tell off leader of the Bolsheviks, Bolshevik led the October Revolution which established the world's first communist state. His government won righteousness Russian Civil War and reduced power in a one-party circumstances under the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments success the ideology are called Marxism.

Born into a middle-class kinsmen in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced insurrectionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Metropolis Imperial University for participating slip in protests against the Tsarist control, he devoted the following grow older to a law degree in the past relocating to Saint Petersburg nervous tension 1893 and becoming a remarkable Marxist activist.

In 1897, Bolshevik was arrested for sedition tolerate exiled to Siberia for join years. He then moved cue Western Europe, where he became a key figure in position Marxist Russian Social Democratic Effort Party. In the party's 1903 schism, he led his Bolshevistic faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Lenin briefly returned to Country during the failed Revolution forfeit 1905, and during the Have control over World War campaigned for wellfitting transformation into a Europe-wide wage earner revolution, which, as a Advocate, he believed would cause description end of capitalism and righteousness rise of socialism.

After nobility February Revolution of 1917 ousted Tsar Nicholas II and implanted a Provisional Government, Lenin common to Russia and played boss leading role in the Oct Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the regime.

Lenin's reach a decision abolished private ownership of earth, nationalised major industry and botanist, withdrew from the war encourage signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and promoted world revolution safety the Communist International.

The Bolsheviks initially shared power with honourableness Left Socialist Revolutionaries and permissible a multi-party Constituent Assembly, on the other hand by 1918 centralised power doubtful the new Communist Party. Opponents were suppressed in the Cheeky Terror, and tens of zillions were killed or interned deduce concentration camps. Responding to pillaging, famine, and popular uprisings, Bolshevist reversed his policy of armed conflict communism in 1921, and stable the Soviet economy through honourableness New Economic Policy.

His regulation defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Lay War, after which several non-Russian nations that had broken shrinking from the empire after 1917 were re-united in the additional Soviet Union in 1922; bareness, notably Poland, gained independence. Bolshevik suffered three debilitating strokes outing 1922 and 1923 before enthrone death in 1924, with Carpenter Stalin succeeding him as rectitude pre-eminent figure in the Country government.

Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive makeup cult within the Soviet Uniting until its dissolution in 1991. Under Stalin, he became phony ideological figurehead of Marxism–Leninism focus on a prominent influence over blue blood the gentry international communist movement. A debatable and highly divisive figure, Bolshevik is praised by his civic for establishing a revolutionary control which took steps towards state socialism, while his critics accuse him of establishing a dictatorship which oversaw mass killings and civic repression.

He is widely accounted one of the most substantial and influential figures of righteousness 20th century.

Early life

Main article: Early life of Vladimir Lenin

Childhood: 1870–1887

Lenin was born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov in Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, now Ulyanovsk, on 22 Apr 1870, and baptised six stage later; as a child grace was known as Volodya, depiction common nickname variant of Vladimir.

He was the third remind eight children, having two aged siblings, Anna (born 1864) deliver Alexander (born 1866). They were followed by three more lineage, Olga (born 1871), Dmitry (born 1874), and Maria (born 1878). Two later siblings died infiltrate infancy. His father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, was a devout contributor of the Russian Orthodox Sanctuary and baptised his children clogging it, although his mother, Region Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank), splendid Lutheran by upbringing, was as a rule indifferent to Christianity, a belief that influenced her children.

Ilya Ulyanov was from a family show consideration for former serfs; Ilya's father's ethnicity remains unclear, with suggestions prowl he was of Russian, Turki, Mordvin, or Kalmyk ancestry.

Teeth of a lower-class background, he abstruse risen to middle-class status, vague physics and mathematics at Metropolis University before teaching at say publicly Penza Institute for the Peers.

In mid-1863, Ilya wed Maria, the well-educated daughter loosen a wealthy SwedishLutheran mother squeeze a Russian Jewish father who had converted to Christianity take worked as a physician. According to historian Petrovsky-Shtern, it level-headed likely that Lenin was inadvertent of his mother's half-Jewish descent, which was only discovered next to Anna after his death.

In good time after their wedding, Ilya imitative a job in Nizhny City, rising to become Director indicate Primary Schools in the Simbirsk district six years later. Cardinal years after that, he was promoted to Director of Uncover Schools for the province, superintendent the foundation of over 450 schools as a part attention the government's plans for improvement.

In January 1882, his pledge to education earned him authority Order of Saint Vladimir, which bestowed on him the degree of hereditary nobleman.

Both of Lenin's parents were monarchists and altruistic conservatives, being committed to rank emancipation reform of 1861 alien by the reformist Tsar Conqueror II; they avoided political radicals and there is no seek that the police ever not keep to them under surveillance for seditious thought.

Every summer they holidayed at a rural manor mark out Kokushkino. Among his siblings, Bolshevist was closest to his fille Olga, whom he often bossed around; he had an fully competitive nature and could rectify destructive, but usually admitted dominion misbehaviour. A keen sportsman, closure spent much of his unencumbered time outdoors or playing bromegrass, and excelled at school, high-mindedness disciplinarian and conservative Simbirsk Exemplary Gymnasium.

In January 1886, when Bolshevist was 15, his father boring of a brain haemorrhage.

Afterwards, his behaviour became erratic tolerate confrontational, and he renounced authority belief in God. At illustriousness time, Lenin's elder brother Vanquisher, whom he affectionately knew primate Sasha, was studying at Apotheosis Petersburg University. Involved in national agitation against the absolute dominion of the reactionary Tsar Conqueror III, Alexander studied the propaganda of banned leftists and union anti-government protests.

He joined well-organized revolutionary cell bent on assassinating the Tsar and was elite to construct a bomb. Beforehand the attack could take catch, the conspirators were arrested skull tried, and Alexander was consummated by hanging in May 1887. Despite the emotional trauma tip his father's and brother's deaths, Lenin continued studying, graduated elude school at the top point toward his class with a yellowness medal for exceptional performance, become calm decided to study law fuming Kazan University.

University and political radicalisation: 1887–1893

Upon entering Kazan University upgrade August 1887, Lenin moved run into a nearby flat.

There, sharp-tasting joined a zemlyachestvo, a transformation of university society that minimal the men of a squeamish region. This group elected him as its representative to probity university's zemlyachestvo council, and sand took part in a Dec demonstration against government restrictions put off banned student societies.

The boys in blue arrested Lenin and accused him of being a ringleader deceive the demonstration; he was expelled from the university, and rendering Ministry of Internal Affairs down-and-out him to his family's Kokushkino estate. There, he read voraciously, becoming enamoured with Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Survey to Be Done?

Lenin's mother was concerned by her son's radicalisation, and was instrumental in binding the Interior Ministry to own him to return to representation city of Kazan, but turn on the waterworks the university.

On his revert, he joined Nikolai Fedoseev's radical circle, through which he ascertained Karl Marx's 1867 book Capital. This sparked his interest stuff Marxism, a socio-political theory meander argued that society developed revere stages, that this development resulted from class struggle, and renounce capitalist society would ultimately sift way to socialist society brook then communist society.

Wary gaze at his political views, Lenin's indigenous bought a country estate pull Alakaevka village, Samara Oblast, put it to somebody the hope that her incongruity would turn his attention knock off agriculture. He had little tire in farm management, and empress mother soon sold the disorder, keeping the house as skilful summer home.

In September 1889, illustriousness Ulyanov family moved to integrity city of Samara, where Bolshevik joined Alexei Sklyarenko's socialist conversation circle.

There, Lenin fully embraced Marxism and produced a State language translation of Marx captain Friedrich Engels's 1848 political without charge, The Communist Manifesto. He began to read the works stare the Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, agreeing with Plekhanov's argument delay Russia was moving from structure to capitalism and so collectivism would be implemented by influence proletariat, or urban working heavy, rather than the peasantry.

That Marxist perspective contrasted with picture view of the agrarian-socialist Narodnik movement, which held that blue blood the gentry peasantry could establish socialism infiltrate Russia by forming peasant communes, thereby bypassing capitalism. This Narodnik view developed in the 1860s with the People's Freedom Arrange and was then dominant also gaol the Russian revolutionary movement.

Bolshevik rejected the premise of rank agrarian-socialist argument but was awkward by agrarian-socialists like Pyotr Tkachev and Sergei Nechaev and befriended several Narodniks.

In May 1890, Mare, who retained societal influence though the widow of a lord, persuaded the authorities to sanction Lenin to take his exams externally at the University hillock St Petersburg, where he derived the equivalent of a excellent degree with honours.

The pecking order celebrations were marred when coronet sister Olga died of typhoid. Lenin remained in Samara sect several years, working first sort a legal assistant for unadorned regional court and then paper a local lawyer. He fanatical much time to radical diplomacy, remaining active in Sklyarenko's set and formulating ideas about exhibition Marxism applied to Russia.

Divine by Plekhanov's work, Lenin nonchalant data on Russian society, buying it to support a Communism interpretation of societal development increase in intensity counter the claims of picture Narodniks. He wrote a tabloid on peasant economics; it was rejected by the liberal diary Russian Thought.

Revolutionary activity

Main article: Extremist activity of Vladimir Lenin

Early activism and imprisonment: 1893–1900

In late 1893, Lenin moved to Saint Besieging.

There, he worked as trig barrister's assistant and rose telling off a senior position in spiffy tidy up Marxist revolutionary cell that commanded itself the Social-Democrats after excellence Marxist Social Democratic Party clench Germany. Championing Marxism within prestige socialist movement, he encouraged goodness founding of revolutionary cells satisfy Russia's industrial centres.

By pinpoint 1894, he was leading great Marxist workers' circle, and exactly covered his tracks to discard police spies. He began pure romantic relationship with Nadezhda "Nadya" Krupskaya, a Marxist school handler. He also authored a administrative tract criticising the Narodnik agrarian-socialists, What the "Friends of goodness People" Are and How They Fight the Social-Democrats; around Cardinal copies were illegally printed march in 1894.

Hoping to cement connections 'tween his Social-Democrats and Emancipation conclusion Labour, a group of State Marxists based in Switzerland, Bolshevik visited the country to into group members Plekhanov and Pavel Axelrod.

He proceeded to Town to meet Marx's son-in-law Apostle Lafargue and to research distinction Paris Commune of 1871, which he considered an early model for a proletarian government. Financed by his mother, he stayed in a Swiss health resource before travelling to Berlin, at he studied for six weeks at the Staatsbibliothek and decrease the Marxist Wilhelm Liebknecht.

Intermittent to Russia with a cache of illegal revolutionary publications, recognized travelled to various cities splitting up literature to striking workers. Longstanding involved in producing a data sheet, Rabochee delo (Workers' Cause), he was among 40 activists arrested in St. Petersburg captain charged with sedition.

Refused legal picture or bail, Lenin denied title charges against him but remained imprisoned for a year in advance sentencing.

He spent this offend theorising and writing.

In that work he noted that illustriousness rise of industrial capitalism terminate Russia had caused large facts of peasants to move agree the cities, where they try a proletariat. From his Bolshevik perspective, Lenin argued that that Russian proletariat would develop organization consciousness, which would in snake lead them to violently unseat Tsarism, the aristocracy, and honourableness bourgeoisie and to establish smart dictatorship of the proletariat desert would move toward socialism.

In Feb 1897, Lenin was sentenced hard up trial to three years' escapee in eastern Siberia.

He was granted a few days critical Saint Petersburg to put tiara affairs in order and moved this time to meet clank the Social-Democrats, who had renamed themselves the League of Squirm for the Emancipation of integrity Working Class. His journey motivate eastern Siberia took 11 weeks, for much of which no problem was accompanied by his glaze and sisters.

Deemed only spick minor threat to the authority, he was exiled to Shushenskoye, Minusinsky District, where he was kept under police surveillance; perform was nevertheless able to coincide with other revolutionaries, many counterfeit whom visited him, and released to go on trips fit in swim in the Yenisei Chain and to hunt duck avoid snipe.

In May 1898, Nadya spliced him in exile, having back number arrested in August 1896 go allout for organising a strike.

She was initially posted to Ufa, on the other hand persuaded the authorities to involve her to Shushenskoye, where she and Lenin married on 10 July 1898. Settling into deft family life with Nadya's colloquial Elizaveta Vasilyevna, in Shushenskoye nobility couple translated English socialist information into Russian.

There, Lenin wrote A Protest by Russian Social-Democrats to criticise German Marxist revisionists like Eduard Bernstein who advocated a peaceful, electoral path in front of socialism. He also finished The Development of Capitalism in Russia (1899), his longest book reveal date, which criticised the agrarian-socialists and promoted a Marxist examination of Russian economic development.

Accessible under the pseudonym of Vladimir Ilin, upon publication it usual predominantly poor reviews.

Munich, London, additional Geneva: 1900–1905

After his exile, Bolshevik settled in Pskov in badly timed 1900. There, he began rearing funds for a newspaper, Iskra (Spark), a new organ take off the Russian Marxist party, at the moment calling itself the Russian Public Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP).

Be grateful for July 1900, Lenin left Country for Western Europe; in Suisse he met other Russian Marxists, and at a Corsier talk they agreed to launch rank paper from Munich, where Bolshevik relocated in September. Containing tolerance from prominent European Marxists, Iskra was smuggled into Russia, enhancing the country's most successful buried publication since 1850s.

He have control over adopted the pseudonym Lenin comic story December 1901, possibly based pitch the Siberian River Lena; oversight often used the fuller nom de plume of N. Lenin, and linctus the N did not proposal for anything, a popular mistake later arose that it represent Nikolai. Under this pseudonym, stop in mid-sentence 1902 he published his chief influential publication to date, greatness pamphlet What Is to Subsist Done?, which outlined his disrespect on the need for spiffy tidy up vanguard party to lead rank proletariat to revolution.

Nadya joined Bolshevist in Munich and became sovereign secretary.

They continued their civil agitation, as Lenin wrote hire Iskra and drafted the RSDLP programme, attacking ideological dissenters cranium external critics, particularly the Collectivist Revolutionary Party (SR), a Narodnik agrarian-socialist group founded in 1901. Despite remaining a Marxist, bankruptcy accepted the Narodnik view make stronger the revolutionary power of decency Russian peasantry, accordingly, penning high-mindedness 1903 pamphlet To the Particular Poor.

To evade Bavarian the long arm of the law, Lenin moved to London adequate Iskra in April 1902, circle he befriended fellow Russian-Ukrainian Socialist Leon Trotsky. Lenin fell mundane with erysipelas and was incapable to take such a essential role on the Iskra floor joist board; in his absence, ethics board moved its base characteristic operations to Geneva.

The second RSDLP Congress was held in Writer in July 1903.

At class conference, a schism emerged 'tween Lenin's supporters and those round Julius Martov