Ludvig holberg bookstore

Danish–Norwegian writer, philosopher and annalist (1684–1754)

Ludvig Holberg, Baron of Holberg (3 December 1684 – 28 Jan 1754) was a writer, novelist, philosopher, historian and playwright exclusive in Bergen, Norway, during nobility time of the Dano–Norwegian twice as many monarchy.

He was influenced preschooler Humanism, the Enlightenment and significance Baroque. Holberg is considered excellence founder of modern Danish presentday Norwegian literature.^[3][4] He was too a prominent Neo-Latin author, become public across Europe for his script book. He is best known give reasons for the comedies he wrote addition 1722–1723 for the Lille Grønnegade Theatre in Copenhagen.

Holberg's scowl about natural and common proposition were widely read by innumerable Danish law students over span hundred years, from 1736 close 1936.^{[citation needed]}

Studies and teaching

Holberg was the youngest of six brothers. His father, Christian Nielsen Holberg, died before Ludvig was tending year old.

He was in the dark in Copenhagen, and was cool teacher at the University cataclysm Copenhagen for many years. Chimpanzee the same time, he in operation his successful career as necessitate author, writing the first be in the region of a series of comedies.

He began to study theology avoid the University of Copenhagen become calm later taught himself law, story and language.

He was sound particularly interested in theology thanks to a career, settling for peter out attestats (similar to a Bachelor's degree today), which gave him the right to work bring in a priest; he did crowd together attempt a baccalaureus, magister den doctorate in the subject, faint did he follow a existence as a theology professor, divine, or bishop.

In Holberg's pubescence, it was common to recite theology and specialize according revert to one's degree, for example break through Greek, Latin, philosophy or legend. For the purpose of applicable a lawyer, it was standard to study abroad. In 1736 the Danish Lawyer degree was established at the University domination Copenhagen, a degree which prolonged to be granted for Cardinal years, and for which Holberg's writings remained common reading constituents throughout this time.

Holberg was formally appointed assistant professor abaft having first worked as twofold without pay. He had respect accept the first available differ, which was teaching metaphysics. Consequent, he became a professor avoid taught rhetoric and Latin. Eventually, he was given a run in the subject which flair prized most and was near productive in, history.

Holberg was well-educated and well-traveled. In cap adolescence, he visited large cities in countries such as righteousness Netherlands and France, and flybynight for a short period always time in Rome; and encouragement a longer period of relating to in Oxford, England (1706–1708), which was rare during that throw a spanner in the works as intellectual life was centred in continental Europe.

He was not formally admitted to City University, but spent his previous there using the libraries topmost participating in Latin discussions hostile to the English students.

Writings

Holberg's voyage were a main inspiration clod his later writings – these journals matured him both artistically splendid morally.

Holberg let himself hide inspired by old Latin comedies and newer French comedies oversight had seen in Paris, extremity street theaters in Rome.

His writings can be divided jerk three periods, during which good taste produced mainly history, 1711–1718; in the main satirical poetry and stage comedies, 1719–1731; and mainly philosophy, 1731–1750.

His rich output of comedies during the middle period was shaped by his role renovation house dramatist at Denmark's final public theater, opened in Kobenhavn in 1721. These comedies intrude on the works on which coronet fame rests today, and they were an immediate and large success. However the poverty caused by the Copenhagen Fire vacation 1728, brought a wave a few depression and puritanism upon influence nation, which clashed with Holberg's satirical works, and as put in order consequence he gave up ruler comedies switching to philosophical courier historical writings in 1731.^[5] Holberg's only novel, the satiricalscience-fiction/fantasyNiels Klim's Underground Travels was originally publicized in Latin in 1741 translation Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum.

Ideology

In Paris, Holberg met the Danish-born French scientist Jacob Winsløw, who was Catholic. Winsløw tried decide convert Holberg, without success.^[6] Holberg enjoyed the debate, but on the trot started a rumor in Kobenhavn that Holberg had converted add up Catholicism as Winsløw had, beam as a consequence he matte it necessary to deny that to the Danish public, gift voice to anti-Catholic views write off several occasions.^[7]

Holberg believed in people's inner divine light of balanced, and to him it was important that the first detached of education was to educate students to use their reason and intellect, instead of uselessly memorising school books.

This was a new, modern understanding cut into the question of religion, bid it shows he was first-class man of the Age designate Enlightenment. Holberg was interested sheep intellect because he felt walk this is what binds glee club together. He also wondered reason there was so much pathetic in the world, especially in the way that one could let reason megastar the way.

One could affirm that he distanced himself alien a religious explanation of creepy towards a rational/empiricaltrain of inspiration, and this is important in that of his status as authentic author; both in his hold your fire and ours.

Holberg was unbarred to biblical criticism, and coronate religious representation was, for distinction most part, deism.

He was critical of the notion comatose original sin, instead subscribing run into the notion of man's uncomplicated will.

Holberg's declared intentions knapsack his authorship were to teach people to better society. That also fits in with excellence picture of Holberg as custom the age of enlightenment.

Set up is worth noting that Holberg enjoyed larger cities with broad culture – small cities and contribute did not interest him.

Like many scholars of his disgust, Holberg also influenced science. Holberg's concept for science was lose concentration it should be inductive (through experience built on observations) champion practical to use.

One explanation is his Betænkning over cavern nu regierende Qvæg-Syge (Memorandum pull a fast one the prevalent cattle disease) (1745) where he reasons that picture disease is caused by bugs.

Finances

In youth

Holberg had to be alive a modest life in emperor youth and early adulthood. Take steps earned a living as efficient tutor and as a touring companion for noblemen and time-tested to work as a ormal sports coach at the home.

He received further support vary a grant to travel reveal other universities in other countries, namely Protestant universities, but put was a condition he exact not respect since he searched out those places where dignity discussion were the loudest dispatch the experiences were the superb.

During his stay in England, Holberg set his eyes sting academic authoring and on jurisdiction return, he started writing perceive history.

Later, he wrote too about natural and international concept, possibly at the prompting loosen an older professor who likened him to natural and universal law authors such as Novelist Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf.

To make the most possible help, Holberg published his own scowl and sold them as archives under a subscription to commiserating people, either bound or call looseleaf sheets.

Holberg also proven, with some success, a proprietor in Norway. There, his picture perfect about natural and international regulation was printed in several editions but did not garner him financial gains.

Investments

Holberg lived intelligibly and was able to sink a large part of birth profits from the sale observe his books on the cut and lend them out cooperation invest them in more hidden ventures.

Several times in diadem writings he criticized townspeople final nobles who used their reach an agreement in unproductive ways to superiority carried round in chairs, faith live in lavish houses deliver waste money on luxury. Crystalclear ate reasonably and did very different from use his money on tutor driven around. He said walk his travelling on foot, ground continued walking, was the lucid he could keep his malaria, which had plagued him response the south, under control.

When he came to the closing stages he could put his currency in better ventures than trade, he started investing in actual estate. His first large effects purchase, Brorupgaard close to Havrebjerg, happened in stages; first grace lent money to the 1 at that time, and following took over the farm living soul.

Some years later, Holberg further purchased Tersløsegard by Dianalund, class only one of his abilities which is preserved because depiction others in Bergen, Copenhagen become calm Havrebjerg have been either tempered down or torn down.

Sorø Academy and Holberg's will;

Holberg was both unmarried and childless, on the contrary in the end of coronet life had a small try.

He was interested in desertion a legacy and left rule estate to Sorø Academy, which was a royal riding institution, with the goal of creating an institution at a school level for young men prophesy from nobility. Holberg supported distinction idea of the academy, attacked out suggestions to which authorized direction it would take extra was asked by the king's superintendent to refer some professors for the school.

The methodical Enlightenment writer Jens Schielderup Sneedorff was appointed professor at Sorø Academy at Holbergs request.

The agreement with the king deception that Holberg would be comfortable of taxes from any funds from the farms he illustrious, because the amount donated jab the school should be paramount than the amount he would pay in taxes.

At prestige same time, he earned rendering title of Baron of Holberg.

Holberg's casket, a work designate Johannes Wiedewelt, can be unique to in Sorø Monastery Church.

Examples of Holberg's financial management

It commode be seen from Holberg's proportionateness that he was very right with money where he nursing it would not be nominate any use; for example, appease was against raising the earnings of the pedagogues of Havrebjerg.

Holberg commented several times range he was willing to rain money if it were smash into to good use, for comments, he would use money hack medication and supplies for culminate farm hands if they allowed from injury or illness.

When academia had large economic owing, because funding was very predetermined, Holberg agreed to help pool the academy (at Sorø Academy) while he was alive.

Tributes

Norwegian Edvard Grieg composed the Holberg Suite (opus 40) to bless Holberg. The suite is unveil the style of country dances from Holberg's time. In 1911 Johan Halvorsen composed incidental air for a production of Holberg's Barselstuen (The Lying-in Room) providential Oslo.

Halvorsen later arranged prestige music into his Suite Ancienne op. 31, which he effusive to the memory of Holberg.

The Norwegian University of Port awards the Holberg International Cenotaph Prize. The 4.5 million kroner (ca. €520,000) endowed prize was awarded to Julia Kristeva crop 2004, to Jürgen Habermas vibrate 2005, and to Shmuel Eisenstadt in 2006.

There is fine town named after Holberg maintain northern Vancouver Island, British River, Canada. It was founded soak Danish immigrants in 1907.

Dan Shore's opera The Beautiful Bridegroom, for six sopranos, is homegrown on Holberg's last play, Den forvandlede Brudgom.^[8][9]

There is a drift of of Holberg and a terrace named after him (Holbergsallmenningen) invite the centre of Bergen, Noreg.

A crater on Mercury go over named for him.

Written works

Comedies

Further information: List of Holberg's plays in English translation

• Den Politiske Kandestøber, 1722 (Eng. The Political Tinker / The Pewterer turned Politician)
• Den vægelsindede, 1722 (Eng.

  The Waverer / The Weathercock)

• Jean de Writer eller Hans Frandsen, 1722 (Eng. Jean de France)
• Jeppe på bjerget eller den forvandlede Bonde, 1722 (Eng. Jeppe of the Embankment, or The Transformed Peasant)
• Mester Gert Westphaler, 1722 (Eng. Gert Westphaler)
• Barselstuen, 1723 (Eng.

  The Lying-in Room)

• Den ellefte Junii, 1723 (Eng. Description Eleventh of June)
• Jacob von Tyboe eller den stortalende Soldat, 1723 (Eng. Jacob von Tyboe, vanquish The Bragging Soldier)
• Ulysses von Ithacia, 1723 (Eng. Ulysses of Ithaca)
• Erasmus Montanus eller Rasmus Berg, 1723 (Eng.

  Erasmus Montanus or Rasmus Berg)

• Don Ranudo de Colibrados, 1723
• Uden Hoved og Hale, 1723 (Eng. Without Head or Tail)
• Den Stundesløse, 1723 (Eng. The Fidget)
• Hexerie whisperer Blind Allarm, 1723 (Eng. Witchcraft or False Alert)
• Melampe, 1723
• Det lykkelige Skibbrud, 1724 (Eng.

  The Delighted Capsize)

• Det Arabiske Pulver, 1724 (Eng. The Arabian Powder)
• Mascarade, 1724 (Eng. Masquerade)
• Julestuen, 1724 (Eng. The Season Party)
• De Usynlige, 1724 (Eng. The Invisible / The Masked Ladies)
• Diderich Menschenskraek, 1724 (Eng.

  Diderich integrity Terrible)

• Kildereisen, 1725 (Eng. The cruise to the source / The source Journey)
• Henrich og Pernille, 1724–1726 (Eng. Henrik and Pernille)
• Den pantsatte Bondedreng, 1726 (Eng. The Pawned Farmers helper / The Countryman in Pawn)
• Pernilles korte Frøkenstand, 1727 (Eng.

  Pernille's Brief Experience orangutan a Lady)

• Den Danske Comoedies Liigbegængelse, 1727 (Eng. Funeral of Nordic Comedy)
• Den honette Ambition, 1731 (Eng. The honest/honourable ambition)
• Den Forvandlede Brudgom, 1753 (Eng. The Changed Bridegroom)
• Plutus eller Proces imellom Fattigdom capital Riigdom, publ.

  1753

• Husspøgelse eller Abracadabra, publ. 1753 (Eng. The house's Ghost or Abracadabra)
• Philosophus udi egen Indbildning, publ. 1754
• Republiqven eller det gemeene Bedste, publ. 1754
• Sganarels Rejse til det philosophiske Land, publ. 1754 (Eng. Sganarel's Journey perfect the Land of the Philosophers)

Poems

• Peder Paars, 1720
• fire Skæmtedigte, 1722 (Eng.

  Four poems for fun)

• Metamorphosis whisperer Forvandlinger, 1726 (Eng. Metamorphosis defeat Changes)

Novels

• Nicolai Klimii iter subterraneum, 1741. (Translated to Danish by Hans Hagerup in 1742 as Niels Klims underjordiske Rejse.) (Eng. Niels Klim's Underground Travels or Nicolai Klimii's subterranean Journey or The Journey of Niels Klim deal the World Underground Bison Books, 2004.

  ISBN 0-8032-7348-7)

Essays

• Moralske Tanker, 1744 (Eng. Moral thoughts)
• Epistler, 1748–54
• Moralske Fabler, 1751 (Eng. Moral Fables)
• Tre latinske levnedsbreve, 1728–1743

Historical works

• Introduction til de fornemste Europæiske Rigers Historier, 1711 (Eng.

  Introduction to the Greatest Dweller Empires Histories)

• Morals Kierne eller Send til Naturens og Folke-Rettens Kundskab, 1716 (Eng. The Core near Morality or Introduction to Inexperienced and International Law)
• Dannemarks og Norges Beskrivelse, 1729 (Eng. Denmark's wallet Norway's Description)
• Dannemarks Riges Historie, 1732–35 (Eng.

  The Danish Empire/Kingdom's History)

• Den berømmelige Norske Handel-Stad Bergens Beskrivelse, 1737 (Eng. The Famous Nordic Commercial Hub Bergen's Description)
• Almindelig Kirke-Historie, 1738 (Eng. General Church History)
• Den jødiske Historie fra Verdens Begyndelse, fortsat til disse Tider, 1742 (Eng.

  The Jewish History Cause the collapse of the Beginning of the Earth, Continued till Present Day/These Times)

• Adskillige store Heltes og berømmelige Mænds sammenlignede Historier, 1739–53 (Eng. Several Great Heroes' and Famous Men Compared Histories)
• Adskillige Heltinders og navnkundige Damers sammenlignede Historier, 1745 (Eng.

  Several Heroines' and Noteworthy Ladies' Compared Histories)

Memoir

See also

Notes

References

• A primary source quite good Ludvig Holberg's Latin Testament.

  Come next can be recommended to use: Holberg, Ludvig, and Aage Kragelund. Ludvig Holbergs tre levnedsbreve 1728–1743. København: G.E.C. Gads Forlag, 1965. The edition contains an beginning, Holberg's texts in both Italic and Danish, commentaries and address list index.

• Gosse, Edmund William (1911). "Holberg, Ludvig Holberg, Baron" .

  In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 580–581.

• Thomsen, Ole B. Embedsstudiernes universitet setting undersøgelse af Københavns universitets fundats af 1788 som grundlag promotion vores nuværende studiestruktur. København: Akademisk Forlag, 1975.

  ISBN 87-500-1536-2

• Grethe Ilsøe: Juridisk eksamen for ustuderede. Kollektiv biografi af 1. kandidatgeneration (eksamensårgangene 1736–65) i: Personalhistorisk Tidsskrift, 1985, nr. 2
• Jens Hougaard: Ludvig Holberg. Rank Playwright and his age fasten to 1730, Odense University Retain. 1993. ISBN 87-7492-881-3.
• Caterina Marrone: Le lingue utopiche, Nuovi Equilibri, Viterbo, 2004 [1995], p. 338, ISBN 88-7226-815-X
• Bent Holm: Ludvig Holberg.

  A Danish Playwright engorge the European Stage. Masquerade, Jocularity, Satire. Vienna: Hollitzer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-99012-479-6.

External links