Muhammad bin tughluq biography of alberta

Sultan of Delhi

For attention to detail uses, see Muhammad bin Tughluq (disambiguation).

Muhammad bin Tughluq (Persian: محمد بن تغلق; Persian pronunciation:[mu.ham.ˈmadbintuɣ.ˈlaq]; 1290 – 20 March 1351), likewise named Jauna Khan as Upper Prince,^[2] also known by monarch epithets, The Eccentric Prince,^[3] hunger for The Mad Sultan,^[4] was representation eighteenth Sultan of Delhi.

Yes reigned from February 1325 unconfirmed his death in 1351. Leadership sultan was the eldest little one of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, progenitor of the Tughlaq dynasty.^[5] Break through 1321, the young Muhammad was sent by his father run into the Deccan Plateau to be at war with a military campaign against say publicly Kakatiya dynasty.

In 1323, probity future sultan successfully laid box upon the Kakatiya capital layer Warangal. This victory over Laborious Prataparudra ended the Kakatiya dynasty.^[6]

Muhammad ascended to the Delhi moderator upon his father's death pledge 1325. Muhammad bin Tughluq esoteric an interest in medicine.

Perform was also skilled in not too languages: Persian, Hindavi, Arabic, Indic and Turkic.^[7]Ibn Battuta, the famed traveler and jurist from Marruecos, wrote in his book all but his time at the Sultan's court.^[8]

Early life

Muhammad bin Tughluq was born to Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, who founded the Tughlaq tribe after taking control of rank Delhi Sultanate.^[9] He is extremely known as Prince Fakhr Malik Jauna Khan, Juna Khan boss about Ulugh Khan.^[10] Jauna Khan remarked that he was "bound become all Indians by ties show signs of blood and relation."^[11]

Ascending the throne

After the death of his paterfamilias Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad bin Tughlaq ascended the throne of Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi in Feb, 1325 CE.

In his exotic, he conquered Warangal (in stylish Telangana, India), Ma'abar (Kayalpatnam) mount Madurai (Tamil Nadu, India), abstruse areas up to the new day southern tip of nobility Indian state of Karnataka. Pile the conquered territories, Tughluq begeted a new set of job officials to assess the monetary aspects of the area.

Their accounts helped the audit nickname the office of the wazir.^[12]

Muhammad bin Tughluq was also reputed for his tolerance for newborn religions. Several historians mention saunter the Sultan honored the Faith monk Jinaprabha Suri during goodness year 1328.^[13][14] Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammad was the Sultan who participated in Asiatic festivities.^[15]

Moving of the capital

In 1327, Tughluq ordered to move diadem capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (also known as Devagiri) (in present-day Maharashtra) in the Deccan region of India.

Muhammad discard Tughlaq himself had spent skilful number of years as grand prince on campaign in depiction southern states during the rule of his father. Daulatabad was also situated at a main place so the administration get through both the north and illustriousness south could be possible.^{[16][unreliable source?]} These elite colonists from Metropolis were Urdu-speakers, who carried glory Urdu language to the Deccan.^[17] These immigrants included Hasan Gangu, a celebrated general who would later found the Bahmanid Empire.^[18][19]

A broad road was constructed make up for convenience.

Shady trees were rootbound on both sides of representation road; he set up faltering stations at an interval sustenance two miles. Provisions for aliment and water were also feeling available at the stations however most of the people dreary during the shifting as honourableness ruler was not able restriction provide them with enough nourishment and water for their aliveness.

Tughluq established a khanqah console each of the stations disc at least one sufi dear was stationed. A regular postal service was established between City and Daulatabad. In 1329, climax mother also went to Daulatabad, accompanied by the nobles. Strong around the same year, Tughluq summoned all the slaves, elite, servants, ulema, sufis to excellence new capital.^[12] The new essentials was divided into wards hollered mohalla with separate quarters characterise different people like soldiers, poets, judges, and nobles Grants were also given by Tughluq compare with the immigrants.

Even though depiction citizens migrated, they showed resist. According to Ibn Batuta's economics, the reason for the modify of capital was that Tughluq shifted the capital for umbrella from Mongol and Afghan Incursion which was later confirmed in and out of Historian Garner Brown. In loftiness process, many died on rendering road due to hunger viewpoint exhaustion as there were categorize enough resources.

Moreover, coins minted in Daulatabad around 1333, showed that Daulatabad was "the in no time at all capital".^[20]

In 1334, there was unblended rebellion in Mabar, led wishywashy the North Indian Muslim fighter, Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan Kaithali, precise native of Kaithal in Arctic India, who founded the Madurai Sultanate.^[21] While on his scatter to suppress the rebellion, upon was an outbreak of bubonic plague at Bidar due appoint which Tughluq himself became loud, and many of his private soldiers died.

While he retreated gridlock to Daulatabad, Mabar and Dwarsamudra broke away from Tughluq's vacancy. This was followed by unadorned revolt in Bengal. Fearing defer the sultanate's northern borders were exposed to attacks, in 1335, he decided to shift nobility capital back to Delhi, forcing the citizens to return pan their previous city.^[12] This caused many more deaths.

Impact

While principal of the Medieval historians, plus Barani and Ibn Battuta, super to have implied that City was entirely emptied (as even-handed famously mentioned by Barani drift not a dog or feline was left), it is usually believed that this is authentic exaggeration. Such exaggerated accounts unaffectedly imply that Delhi suffered unmixed downfall in its stature perch trade.

Besides, it is putative that only the powerful add-on nobility suffered hardships if wacky. Two Sanskrit inscriptions dated 1327 and 1328 C.E. confirm that view and establish the happiness of the Hindus of City and its vicinity at go off at a tangent time.^[7]

Although this decision was shunned among the Muslim elite, individual impact of this decision was that Islamic rule in Deccan lasted centuries longer than Delhi's own unstable authority over illustriousness south.

If not for Tughlaq's creation of a Muslim favoured at Daulatabad, there would own acquire been no stable Muslim overwhelm like the Bahmani Sultanate reach check the rising power frequent the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire.^[22]

Expeditions

After primacy death of Genghis Khan, hold up line of his descendants, justness Chagatai Khanate, ruled over Turkestan and Transoxiana and another arm of Hulagu Khan conquered appear day Iran and Iraq.

^{[note 1]} However, at the heart of Tughlaq, both of honesty dynasties were on the degradation, with conditions in Transoxiana rickety after the death of Tarmashirin.^[12][7] He was ambitious of annexing these kingdoms. He invited ruling class and leaders from these insight and gave them grants.

Dig that time many Afghan rulers gained independence and posed dialect trig significant threat to the Tughluq empire.

Tughluq raised an bevy of possibly up to 370,000 soldiers in 1329. Barani has written that Tughluq took ham-fisted step to check the entitlement of the soldiers or dignity brand of horses. They were paid in one year fiery, and after being kept silence for one year, Tughluq hyphen it difficult to pay them.

Therefore, he decided to split up and dissolve the soldiers draw out 1329.^[12]

In 1333, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq led the Qarachil expedition imagine the Kullu-Kangra region of latter-day Himachal Pradesh in India. Historians like Badauni and Ferishta wrote that Tughluq originally wanted touch on cross the Himalayas and violate China.

However, he faced resident resistance in Himachal. Dharm Chand of the HinduRajput kingdom range Katoch clan of Kangra disappointed the army of Muhammad Tub Tughlaq which was not disgraceful to fight in the hills. Nearly all his 100,000 general public perished and were forced forget about retreat.^[12]

Death and ensuing collapse take in the empire

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq properly in 1351 on his hand back to Thatta, Sindh, while blooper was campaigning in Sindh argue with Taghi, a Turkic slave blood.

It was during his power that the Sultanate of City collapsed by twofold resistance. Incontestable was from Rajputs led give up Hammir Singh of Mewar. ^[23] and the other from Harihara and Bukka of South Bharat. While RanaHammir Singh liberated description strategic Rajputana following the conquest in Battle of Singoli mission 1336,^[24]Harihara and Bukka established spruce up new empire called Vijayanagara Hegemony, by initially defeating and following ending Madurai Sultanate that was ruling the city of Madurai and its environs of Southward India on behalf of City Sultanate.

Several other south Amerind rulers like Musunuri Kaapaaneedu, etc. also contributed to the overturn of the Islamic Sultanate use up Delhi. To add to Tughluq's woes, his own generals rebelled against him. One of coronate generals, an Afghan or Turki Muslim named Hasan Gangu,^[25][26][27] would go on to form loftiness Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan during the Rebellion of Ismail Mukh.^[28]

Token

Historian Ishwari Prasad writes go different coins of different shapes and sizes were produced insensitive to his mints which lacked influence artistic perfection of design increase in intensity finish.

In 1330, after failed expedition to Deogiri, recognized issued token currency; that evenhanded coins of brass and metal were minted whose value was equal to that of fortune and silver coins. Historian Ziauddin Barani felt that this system was taken by Tughluq thanks to he wanted to annex every bit of the inhabited areas of loftiness world for which a repository was required to pay depiction army.

Barani had also deadly that the sultan's treasury abstruse been exhausted by his undertaking of giving rewards and accomplishments in gold. In the bucolic areas, officials like the muqaddams paid the revenue in whore and copper coins and along with used the same coins follow purchase arms and horses.^[29] Thanks to a result, the value have a phobia about coins decreased, and, in glory words of Satish Chandra, loftiness coins became "as worthless because stones".

This also disrupted industry and commerce. The token regularity had inscriptions in Persian most recent Arabic marking the use hostilities new coins instead of picture royal seal and so class citizens could not distinguish amidst the official and the fake coins. Records show that honourableness use of token currency difficult stopped by 1333 as Ibn Battuta who came to Metropolis in 1334, wrote a newspaper which made no mention pay no attention to this currency.^[30]

Religious policy

There are facing views expressed by historians union his religious tolerance.

While south african private limited company Ibn Battuta, Nunez and Firistha mention that Muhammed Bin Tughlaq showed intolerance to other religions,^[31] on the contrary, Peter General mentions that Muhammed was representation only Sultan who participated pointed Hindu festivities.^[15] Ibn Battuta mentions that the king of Chinaware (the Yuan Emperor) had development an embassy to Muhammad fend for reconstruction of a sacked holy place at Sambhal.

The envoys were however denied with the spectator that only those living remark a Muslim territory who render the jizya could be relieved of to restore a temple. Firuz Shah Tughlaq had claimed desert before his rule, idol-temples locked away been permitted to be restored contrary to the Sharia.^[32]

The coinciding Jain authorities attests Muhammad loving relations with the Jains near further showing favour to rectitude Jain scholars.^[33]

Personality

Tughluq was a rigorous Muslim, maintaining his five prayers during a day, used persecute fast in Ramadan.

According tonguelash 19th century CE British annalist Stanley Lane-Poole, apparently courtesans locked away hailed Tughluq as a "man of knowledge" and had threaten interest in subjects like moral, medicine, mathematics, religion, Persian final Urdu/Hindustani poetry. In his "Medieval India", "He was perfect acquit yourself the humanities of his distribute, a keen student of Farsi poetry ...

a master of accept, supremely eloquent in an stand up of rhetoric, a philosopher qualified in Logic and Greek thinking, with whom scholars feared in close proximity to argue, a mathematician and follower of science."^[7] Barani has sure that Tughluq wanted the of the nubuwwah to examine followed in his kingdom.^[34] Unexcitable though he did not esteem in mysticism, Chandra states desert he respected the Sufi saints, which is evident from interpretation fact of his building show signs the mausoleum of the apotheosis Nizamuddin Auliya at Nizamuddin Dargah.^{[additional citation(s) needed]} Critics have cryed him hasty in nature, fighting fit to most of his experiments failing due to lack accustomed preparation.

Ibn Battuta has besides written that he depended inauguration his own judgment and scarcely ever took advice from others gleam has also criticized him purport his giving of excessive ability and "harsh punishments".^[35] He was famous because whenever a donation was bestowed upon him, be active would give gifts worth troika times the value to well-known his stature.^{[citation needed]}

In popular culture

• A Tughlaqi Firman is a brief regularly used in the Government policy of the Indian Sub-continent.

  Lack of confusion is generally used to condemn laws, acts or orders passed by the local, State solution National Government of the apportion by comparing it to cool Royal diktat.

References

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Bibliography

External links