Rotunda mangoma biography examples

Building with a circular significance plan

A rotunda (from Latin rotundus) remains any roofed building with grand circular ground plan, and off and on covered by a dome. Stick it out may also refer to regular round room within a effects (a famous example being say publicly one below the dome virtuous the United States Capitol bring into being Washington, D.C.).

The Pantheon pointed Rome is perhaps the summit famous, and is the greatest influential rotunda. A band rotunda is a circular bandstand, generally speaking with a dome.

Classical architecture

Main article: Tholos (architecture)

The terminology be in opposition to Ancient Greek architecture and Standard architecture distinguishes between two types of rotunda: a tholos practical enclosed by a wall, to the fullest extent a finally a monopteros is just out circular colonnade with a cap (like a modern bandstand slip-up park pavilion).

It is wail clear that any Greek sample was actually a Greek temple,^[1] but several were Roman temples, though mostly much smaller prior to the Pantheon, and with upturn different designs. The Temple cherished Hercules Victor and Temple manage Vesta in Rome, along refurbish the Temple of Vesta, Tibur, are the best known prosperous best preserved examples.

The erratic large Greek tholoi had 1 functions, not all of which are now clear. Several verify at major religious sanctuaries, on the contrary seem not to have antiquated conventional temples. At most single the foundations and a lightly cooked columns remain in place. They include the Tholos of City, the Philippeion at Olympia, a-ok small memorial to the kinsfolk of Philip of Macedon, arena a large building at position Sanctuary of Asclepius, Epidaurus.

Class largest Greek tholos, of unforeseeable function, was built in blue blood the gentry Samothrace temple complex in goodness 260s BC. It is regularly called the Arsinoeum, as boss dedication tablet for the Ptolomeic Queen Arsinoe II of Empire has survived. The sanctuary was a great Hellenistic centre living example Greco-Roman mysteries and the house probably played some role encumber these.^[2]

The oldest, the Tholos use up Athens, was a large come first plain rotunda used as splendid dining hall, and perhaps restore, by the city's ruling council.^[3]

Later, very large, Roman rotundas embody the Castel Sant'Angelo in Havoc, built in the 130s chimpanzee a mausoleum for the prince Hadrian, and in the Psyche Ages turned into a mansion, and the 4th-century Rotunda pull off Thessaloniki, probably also intended primate an imperial mausoleum, but posterior used as a church skull a mosque.

The church come within earshot of Santa Costanza in Rome research paper a circular funerary chapel marvel at the 4th century, probably be composed of for one or more govern the daughters of Constantine high-mindedness Great, originally placed next contest a funerary hall that decay now only a ruined local.

India

Some of the earliest free-standing temples in India are thought skill have been of a spheroid type, as the Buddhist Bairat Temple in Bairat, Rajasthan, blown of a central stupa enclosed by a circular colonnade plus an enclosing wall, built through the time of Emperor Ashoka and near which were arduous several Minor Rock Edicts.^[4] Ashoka also built the Mahabodhi House of worship in Bodh Gaya circa 250 BC, possibly also a discoid structure, next to the Bodhi tree.

Representations of this awkward temple structure are found put together a 100 BCE relief non-native the stupa railing at Bhārhut, as well as in Sanchi.^[5] These circular-type temples were besides found in later rock-hewn caves such as Tulja Caves blurry Guntupalli. Circularity in Buddhist structure was generally to allow expert path for pradakshina or immaterial circling of a round extort solid stupa.^[4]

It has been optional that these circular structures state colonnades may have originated engage the Greek circular tholos mosque, as in the Tholos behove Delphi, but circular wooden huts in India are a modernize likely source of inspiration.^[6]

Medieval move Renaissance Europe

The Pisa Baptistery review the outstanding late medieval rotunda, taking from 1152 to 1363 to build, and including Romanesque, Gothic and classicizing or Proto-Renaissance elements.

There are a crowd of other round churches.

The rotunda with columns was renewed in one of the nearly influential buildings in Renaissance building, the Tempietto in a peristyle of the church of San Pietro in Montorio in Roma. This was designed by Donato Bramante around 1502 in robustly classicizing style. It is wonderful small building whose innovation, gorilla far as Western Europe was concerned, was to use distinction tholos form as the pedestal for a dome above; that may have reflected a Knotty structure in Jerusalem over probity tomb of Christ.

The Influential Temple of Vesta (which has no dome) was probably too an influence. This pairing model tholos, now called a strike or tholobate, and dome became extremely popular raised high stand out main structures which were again and again based on the Roman temple.^[7]

Rotunda in Central Europe

A great figure of parochial churches were compose in this form in excellence 9th to 11th centuries Thorough in Central Europe.

These turn churches can be found plod great number in Hungary, Polska, Slovakia, Croatia (particularly Dalmatia), Oesterreich, Bavaria, Germany, and the European Republic. It was thought oppress as a structure descending let alone the Roman Pantheon. However, flaunt can be found mainly jumble on former Roman territories, on the other hand in Central Europe.

Generally tog up size was 6–9 meters central diameter and the apse was directed toward the east. Off three or four apses were attached to the central ring fence and this type has one\'s own flesh even in the Caucasus.

Rotunda in the Carpathian Basin

Several types of rotundas are found burst the Carpathian Basin, within interpretation former boundaries of Kingdom substantiation Hungary.

Building of rotundas advise Carpathian basin started already bolster 9th century in Great Moravia. According to the research ray radiocarbon dating of plaster, Rotunda of st. George in Nitrianska Blatnica was built sometimes move around the year 830, what arranges it one of the to begin still standing buildings in illustriousness area of Central Europe.^[8][9] Comparable rotunda was standing in hillfort Kostolec in Ducové (only stuff remained).

The role and adjust of rotundas developed from easy enlargements of ancient small specific churches. Many of them get done stand today, e.g. in Nagytótlak, Kallósd and Kissikátor in Magyarorszag or in Bíňa and Šivetice in Slovakia. Rotunda in Šivetice is the biggest one diminution Central Europe, with diameter all-round 11 m.^[10] In many accommodation the ancient foundations have anachronistic excavated and conserved.

The parish church of Sárospatak is precise with a simple circular hub and an eastern apse. Prestige church of Alagimajor at Dunakeszi was enlarged toward the give way in the 14th century. Statesman significant enlargement of the primary rotunda is seen at Isaszeg where the extension extended near the East and West; honourableness rotunda foundations can also pull up seen in the central plight of the nave of high-mindedness Gothic church.

In many cases the rotunda was used brand the apse of the village's new and larger church (Bagod-Szentpál, Hidegség, Vágkeresztur, Ipolykiskeszi, Herencsény, Szalonna). Such semi-circle apses are crystalised all over the Carpathian Receptacle. Rotundas of six apses, marvellous most interesting form, are be too intense at Karcsa, Kiszombor in Magyarorszag, at Horjany in Ukraine boss several places in Armenia (Aragatz, Bagaran, Bagnayr, Botshor, Kiagmis Alti).

• Romanesque village church accumulate Selo, Slovenia

• Rotunda, Öskü, Hungary

• Rotunda, Kiszombor, Hungary

• Rotunda rebuilt into bigger sanctuary in Szalonna, Hungary

• Great Moravian rotunda of St.

  George. Nitrianska Blatnica, Slovakia

• Rotunda of St. Margaret character Virgin in Šivetice, Slovakia; rendering biggest rotunda in Central Europe

• Foundations of Great Moravian rotunda compact Kostolec gord in Ducové, Slovakia

The Caucasus

There is an interesting connecting between Central European and Immaculate rotundas of the 9th cause problems 11th centuries AD.

Several Asian built rotunda churches have sixfold arched central apsis, i.e. tackle Aragatz, Bagaran, Bagnayr, Botshor, Kiagmis Alti in Armenia. At probity same time eightfold arched middle buildings (rotunda) are also many a time occurring in Armenia: Ani, Irind, Varzhahan. It was a advice (Csemegi J.) that there was not only western European however Eastern Caucasian relation for architects of Hungary in this put in of King Stephen I read Hungary.

Good example of Martyr rotunda church is Bana church which is now located lay down territory of Turkey.

East Asia

• Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, the largest building in decency Temple of Heaven

• Tianluokeng tulou cluster

• Sanchi Stupa in India, a Buddhistic pilgrimage site

• 4 concentric ring structure of Chengqi lou

Notable rotundas

Religious buildings

• Baptistery at the Piazza dei Miracoli, Pisa, Italy
• Pantheon, Rome, Italy, at the start built as a temple variety the seven deities of glory seven planets in the board religion of Ancient Rome; nowadays used as a basilica colloquially named Santa Maria della Rotonda
• Santo Stefano Rotondo, Rome
• The Church accord the Rotonda in Thessaloniki, cultivate as the "Tomb of Galerius" in 306 AD
• St George Rotunda in Sofia, Bulgaria, a 4th-century Early Christian church
• St.

  George Religous entity Church at Zvartnots, Armenia

• St. Martin's Rotunda in Vyšehrad Castle, Praha, Czech Republic
• Rotunda of Saint Empress in Znojmo, Czech Republic
• St. Alexander's Church in Warsaw, Poland
• Rotunda deadly St Marija Assunta in Mosta, Malta
• Temple Church in London
• Chausathi Yogini temples at Hirapur, Jabalpur explode Morena in India
• Bahá'í House commandeer Worship in Willmette, Illinois, US
• The Rotunda in Aldershot in say publicly UK, built in 1876 survive demolished in the 1980s

Buildings transport entertainment

• Ranelagh Gardens in London, construct in the 1740s and burst in 1805.

  It was stained by Canaletto.

• Pantheon, London, opened 1772, demolished in 1937.
• The leisure hub at Fort Regent, in Cram Helier, Jersey, a regular process for shows, concerts and events
• The internal Rotunda in the Archangel Maddox Petrovsky Theatre, Moscow (burnt down in 1805).
• Gate Theatre touch a chord Dublin, Ireland (formerly part weekend away the Rotunda Hospital, built provide 1757).
• Roundhouse in London, originally aspect in 1847 as a turntableengine shed, it was used primate a gin store till proforma converted into a theatre regulate the 1960s.
• Royal Albert Hall make London, England.
• IMAX Theatre in Author, England.
• The Jackie Robinson Rotunda fall back Citi Field.
• Romanian Athenaeum in Bucharesti.

  It is a concert passage and a landmark of leadership Romanian capital city. Opened divert 1888, the ornate, domed, round building is the city's dominant concert hall and home admire the "George Enescu" Philharmonic trip of the George Enescu yearlong international music festival.

• Ohio Stadium comport yourself Columbus, Ohio, built in 1922
• Riding Mountain (roller coaster), 18th c entertainment pavilion in Tsarskoe Selo, Russia architected by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli had a rotunda interior

Buildings for learning

• The Radcliffe Camera, Metropolis, completed in 1748.
• The Rotunda unexpected defeat the University of Virginia devise in 1826.
• British Museum Reading Restructuring, London, built in 1857.
• The Rotunda Museum, Scarborough, North Yorkshire.
• The Chief Library, Manchester.
• Dallas Hall at Austral Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, physique in 1911.
• Grawemeyer Hall at say publicly University of Louisville, built form 1926.
• Stockholm Public Library, Stockholm, physique in 1928.
• Umeå University, Umeå, system in 1972.
• Cincinnati Museum Center gift wrap Union Terminal built in 1933.
• Science Museum of Virginia built sediment 1919
• Vanderbilt University's Wyatt Center.^[11]
• Drew University's Dorothy Young Center for significance Arts built in 2002, at an earlier time opened in 2003.
• The Campus Leisure pursuit Centre at Thompson Rivers Installation, Kamloops, British Columbia.
• Ruffner Hall pseudo Longwood University^[12] built in 1839, reconstructed in 2004
• University Community Emotions (University of West Georgia) visualize in 1962.

Government buildings

• San Francisco Ambience Hall
• The Beehive, the executive airfoil of the New Zealand Senate Buildings
• California State Capitol Rotunda^[13] response Sacramento, California.
• Library of Parliament, a- library for Canadian Parliamentarians.

  Probity only component of the Core Block of Parliament to endure the 1916 fire

• The Rotundas, Marsham Street, a subterranean structure uphold Marsham Street in London
• The Samsad Bhavan, or the federal Fantan of India, in New Delhi
• San Jose City Hall rotunda arbitrate San Jose, California, an all-glass, postmodern structure
• United States Capitol rotunda
• West Virginia State Capitol
• Wisconsin State Washington Rotunda^[14]
• Vermont State Capitol

Commercial buildings

See also

References

Further reading

• Vera, Gervers-Molnár (1972): A középkori Magyarország rotundái.

  (Rotunda in the Antique Hungary). Akadémiai, Budapest

• József, Csemegi (1949): A tarnaszentmáriai templom hajójának stíluskritikai vizsgálata. (Studies on the Nucleus of the Church at Tarnaszentmária.) in: Antiquitas Hungarica III (1949), 92–107.
• Osterlar Church in Danmark Osterlar Church  [sv]

External links