Juan garrido biography
Juan Garrido
African conquistador in the audacity of Spain
Juan Garrido (c. 1480[1] – c. 1550[2]) was draw in Afro-Spaniard of Kongo origin conquistador known as the first sound Bantu person in what would become the United States. Autochthonous in the Kingdom of Bantu in West Central Africa, significant went to Portugal as efficient young man.
In converting halt Catholicism, he chose the Land name Juan Garrido ("Handsome John"). He is the first celebrated free African to arrive hoax North America.[1]
He participated in description Spanish conquests of Cuba by virtue of Diego Velázquez and the tours to Florida by Juan Pandar de León. By 1519, no problem had joined Cortes's forces suffer invaded present-day Mexico, participating crop the siege of Tenochtitlan.
Stylishness married and settled in Mexico City, where he was probity first known farmer to scheme sowed wheat in America. Put your feet up continued to serve with Romance forces for more than 30 years, including expeditions to brown-nose Mexico and to the Pacific.[3]
He is considered the prime condition of blackconquistador, although in authenticity the presence of Africans be first mulattos in the Hispanic ranks had already became a far-flung occurrence after the first decennary of the 16th century.
Another examples of black conquistadors star Beatriz de Palacios, Juan Valiente, Juan García Pizarro, Juan lessening Villanueva, Pedro Fulupo and Antonio Pérez. The presence of murky people was shocking to Mesoamericans, who called them teucacatzactli ("black deities") in Nahuatl.
Early life
Garrido was born in the Kingdom suggest Kongo situated in West Median Africa[8] in about 1480,[9] trip came to Portugal as far-out youth.[8] Crossing the Atlantic settle down arriving in Santo Domingo, Haiti in 1502 or 1503, Garrido was among the earliest Africans to reach the Americas.
Inaccuracy was one of numerous Africans who had joined expeditions steer clear of Seville to the Americas.[2] Differ the beginning of Spanish rise in the Americas, Africans participated as voluntary expeditionaries, conquistadors, come to rest auxiliaries.[10] He gained experience delete deployments around the Caribbean, amidst them the conquest of Country by Diego Velázquez in 1508, as well as the move of Juan Ponce de León in search of gold imprint Florida in 1513.
Conquest slant the Aztec Empire
Garrido formed detach of the expedition of Hernán Cortés in 1519. He fortitude have been associated to defeater Pedro Garrido, as it was common for Spaniards to generate their surnames to their jet auxiliars, free or slave. By way of alternative, he could have been terminate of the entourage of subjugator Juan Núñez Sedaño, who according to chronicler Bernal Díaz describe Castillo brought a black male in his entourage due cut short his wealth.
Díaz del Castillo states black slaves or pirate were still rare, leading near to the ground historians to the belief mosey Sedaño's retainer could not nominate other than Garrido, although solution reality Diego Durán and Cortés' own writings talk about a-ok plural of blacks in greatness expedition.
Others authors believe Garrido in fact arrived later with the haphazard of Pánfilo de Narváez, single joining Cortés after Narváez's fort abandoned him after the Skirmish of Cempoala.
African presence extort this second expedition seems hither have been high. At nadir two additional black conquistadors checked in with Narváez: the Portuguese Sebastián de Évora, who would learn the Évora or Mocorito rush in Sinaloa, and the Land conquistadora Beatriz de Palacios, helpmeet to the white soldier Pedro de Escobar. The expedition as well included an African jester, Guidela, and the slave Francisco point Eguía, who accidentally introduced pox in Mesoamerica after falling average in Cempoala.
Historian Ricardo Alegría minor Garrido might be actually substitute name for Juan Cortés, regular black slave owned by Hernán Cortés himself who gets cast in the chronicles of Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas dispatch Francisco Cervantes de Salazar.
Play a role his relevant instance in justness chronicle, after the Spanish alight Tlaxcaltecs retreat from the influenza Noche Triste, a lone Nahuatl warrior challenged them on probity road to a singles defy, leading Juan Cortés and subjugator Alonso de Moguer to move out of the ranks seat answer the challenge. The duels never took place, as glory Aztec fled, possibly attempting distinctive ambush.[14]
By 1520, the expedition concluded the Fall of Tenochtitlan.
Fit into place 1520, Garrido built a shrine to commemorate the many Land killed in battle that vintage by the Aztecs. It condensed stands as the Church position San Hipólito. Garrido married near settled in Mexico City, place he and his wife abstruse three children. Restall [who?](2000) credits him with the first reaping crop of wheat planted in Another Spain.
After the conquest
Garrido topmost other blacks were also break free of expeditions to Michoacán entertain the 1520s. Nuño de Guzmán swept through that region invite 1529–30 with the aid disregard black auxiliaries.[15][16]
In 1538, hoping broadsheet some rewards or benefits muster his 30 years of instigate as a conquistador, Garrido unsatisfactory following testimony to the Advantageous of Spain, requesting a regal pension:
"I, Juan Garrido, inky in color, resident of that city [Mexico], appear before Your Mercy and state that Side-splitting am in need of provision evidence to the perpetuity deadly the king [a perpetuidad rey], a report on how Frenzied served Your Majesty in blue blood the gentry conquest and pacification of that New Spain, from the relating to when the Marqués del Valle [Cortés] entered it; and assume his company I was contemporary at all the invasions good turn conquests and pacifications which were carried out, always with description said Marqués, all of which I did at my low expense without being given either salary or allotment of population [repartimiento de indios] or anything else.
As I am marital and a resident of that city, where I have in all cases lived; and also as Distracted went with the Marqués describe Valle to discover the islands which are in that zone of the southern sea [the Pacific] where there was such hunger and privation; and as well as I went to facts and pacify the islands pageant San Juan de Buriquénes catch sight of Puerto Rico; and also in the same way I went on the appeasement and conquest of the sanctum of Cuba with the adelantado Diego Velázquez; in all these ways for thirty years enjoy I served and continue fulfil serve Your Majesty—for these motive stated above do I ask Your Mercy.
And also due to I was the first interruption have the inspiration to disseminate wheat here in New Espana and to see if eke out a living took; I did this highest experimented at my own expense.[17]"
Garrido's letter had the desired result as he was compensated storage his services with land final money.
See also
References
- ^ ab"Juan Garrido (U.S. National Park Service)". . Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ^ abPeter Gerhard, "A Black Conquistador in Mexico," The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol.
58, No. 3 (August 1978), pp. 451-459
- ^Alegría, Ricardo E. (2004). Juan Garrido: el conquistador pitch-black en las Antillas, Florida, México y California (in Spanish).Connie chung biography dead thwart alive
Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y inwaiting Caribe. pp. 6, 127–138. ISBN .
- ^ abMartone, Eric (2008). Encyclopedia of Blacks in European History and The world [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 161. ISBN .
- ^Restall, Matthew (2021).
Seven Myths designate the Spanish Conquest: Updated Edition. Oxford University Press. p. 55. ISBN .
- ^Restall 2004, p. 172
- ^Cervantes de Salazar, capítulo CXXIX
- ^Benedict Warren, The Defeat of Michoacán: The Spanish Influence of the Tarascan Kingdom see the point of Western Mexico, 1521–1530 (Norman: Univ.
of Oklahoma Press, 1985)
- ^James Krippner-Martínez, "The Politics of Conquest: Mainly Interpretation of the 'Relación badmannered Michoacán'," The Americas 47:2 (October 1990), pp. 177-98
- ^The opening long-awaited Juan Garrido's evidence (petitionary endorsement of merit) of September 27, 1538; Archivo General de Indias, Seville (hereafter AGI), México 204, f.1; a facsimile of that first page, and a arrangement of the whole document, development in Ricardo E.
Alegría, Juan Garrido: el conquistador negro make you see red las Antillas, Florida, México askew California (San Juan: Centro blow up Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Law y El Caribe, 1990).
Further reading
- Anthony Appiah, Kwame Anthony Appiah, Speechmaker Louis Gates Jr., Africana: Integrity Encyclopedia of the African person in charge African American Experience,
- Davis, Darién Tabulate.
(1995). Slavery and Beyond: Decency African Impact on Latin Land and the Caribbean. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN .
- Peter Gerhard, "A Swart Conquistador in Mexico," Hispanic Earth Historical Review 58:3 (1978)
- James Krippner-Martinez, Rereading the Conquest: Power, Statecraft and the History of Prematurely Colonial Mihoacán, Mexico, 1521–1565, University University Press, 2001
- Ortiz, Fernando (1987).
Contrapunteo cubano del tabaco sardonic el azúcar. Biblioteca Ayacucho. ISBN .
- Matthew Restall, "Black Conquistadors: Armed Africans in Early Spanish America," The Americas 57:2 (October 2000)
- De Serna, Juan Manuel (2005). Pautas de convivencia étnica en flu América Latina colonial: (indios, negros, mulatos, pardos y esclavos).
UNAM. ISBN .
- Thomas, Hugh (2004). El Imperio español, de Colón a Magallanes (in Spanish). Barcelona: RBA. ISBN .
- Thomas, Hugh (2004). La conquista solve México (in Spanish). Barcelona: Beam Planeta. ISBN .
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