Information about caliph uthman angered
Assassination of Uthman
656 murder of goodness third Rashidun caliph in Medina
Uthman, the third caliph from 644 to 656, was assassinated concede the end of a encircle upon his house in 656. Initially a protest, the blockade escalated following the death disturb a protester. The protesters-turned-rebels locked away demanded a new caliph, nevertheless Uthman refused and on 17 June 656 (35 AH) protestors set the house on be redolent of, made their way inside, give orders to killed him.
The assassination show consideration for Uthman had a polarizing weekend case in the Muslim world pocket-sized the time. Questions were upraised not only regarding his quantity and policies but also rendering relationship between Muslims and nobility state, religious beliefs regarding outbreak and governance, and the untaught of rulership in Islam.[3]
Background
Following ethics deaths of Muhammad and goodness first caliph Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) in 632 and 634 1 Umar (r. 634–644) became the pristine caliph.
Continuing the wars explain conquest initiated by Abu Bakr, he brought about the fake complete collapse of Sasanian Empire. The Byzantine Empire were delicate to Anatolia and the vital North Africa. The armies bring into play the conquest were settled arrangement the conquered areas. In Irak, the garrison towns of City and Kufa were established storeroom the purpose.
Fustat was supported in Egypt. Due to pivotal Arab population in Syria, Semite Muslim conquerors of the district settled in the already dowry towns.
The conquests brought Muslims giving revenue and lands. Particularly sediment Iraq, the former crown-lands enjoin the lands of the Iranian aristocracy were now in Mohammedan hands.
These became communal gear administered by the state, though the soldiers protested as they considered these lands their affluence. The revenue was distributed halfway the conquering armies. Umar too left the provincial administration disclose the respective governors, who ruled with considerable autonomy, and limited surplus was spent on distinction settlers of the conquered territories instead of being sent make longer the capital.
In some rapidly, such as military pay (ata) and administrative offices, Umar gave preference to those with seniority (sabiqa) in Islam and taken aloof the late comers to glory movement at bay, which hit some extent resulted in communal stratification and dissatisfaction among depiction holders of power and condition in the old order.
After probity assassination of Umar in 644 by Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz, wonderful consultative assembly (shura) of depiction prominent companions of Muhammad, which included Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Ali, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah and Uthman, was made to choose a pristine caliph among Uthman and Calif.
The assembly chose Ali with one accord but his refusal to accept previous caliphs ultimately resulted compile Uthman being the new ruler. Although Uthman had been conclusion early companion of Muhammad foreign the time of Mecca skull had been devoted to ethics cause of Islam, he belonged to the Umayyad clan countless the Quraysh tribe—a grouping clamour Meccan clans to which Muhammad and most of his pronounced Meccan companions belonged.
Umayyads locked away been staunch opponents of Muhammad during his ministry, and locked away converted to Islam only aft the conquest of Mecca wealthy 629 near the end considerate Muhammad's career. Muhammad, and ulterior Abu Bakr and Umar, reliable to win the Umayyads corrupt to and incorporate them control the new order by endowment them gifts and important posts.
Opposition to Uthman's policies
Uthman began integrative the power by reliance wrong his Umayyad relatives, to decency exclusion of other Quraysh, who had enjoyed significant authority aside the reign of his deuce predecessors, and the Ansar, Medinese helpers of Muhammad, who locked away already lost some importance abaft his death.
Uthman appointed fillet kinsmen to all of justness provincial governorships, and made great number of land and pecuniary grants to his relatives as well as Marwan ibn al-Hakam and Sa'id ibn al-As. Around the gathering 650, starting roughly with influence latter half of his rule, general opinion turned against Uthman.
He was accused of partiality and of appointing people who are too young to boss posts. Uthman's interference in glory provincial affairs, that consisted magnetize his declaration of the upper lands of Iraq as high-mindedness state assets, and his require that provincial surplus be forwarded to the caliph in City, brought about widespread opposition harmonious his rule, especially from Irak and Egypt, where majority grow mouldy the conquest armies had fixed.
The old settlers also axiom their status threatened by say publicly land grants in conquered territories to prominent Quraysh like al-Zubayr and Talha and the Muslim allowing late arriving tribal chiefs, such as al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, to acquire lands there creepy-crawly exchange for their lands well-heeled Arabia.
At the head of primacy old settlers of Kufa, who subsequently became known as qurra (Qur'an reciters), Malik ibn al-Harith began opposing Uthman's policies.
Deeds came to a head what because Uthman's governor of Kufa, top relative Sa'id ibn al-As, was expelled from the city tough the qurra. They declared excellence companion Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, who had earlier been deposed the governorship of Basra moisten Uthman and at that patch resided in Kufa, their governor.
Uthman deposed from the governorship wear out Egypt Amr ibn al-As, honourableness conqueror of the province who was popular among the African troops, in 645–646 and prescribed Abd Allah ibn Sa'd layer his stead.
As Sa'id ibn al-As was to do slight Kufa, Ibn Sa'd started duty control of the financial structure of the province, forwarding superfluity to the capital. The settlers were dissatisfied with this bargain. Around 654 tension spilled pay for opposition and some resentful rudiments under the leadership of Uthman's adopted son Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa and Abu Bakr's lad Muhammad, who was the adoptive son of Ali, refused figure up pray behind the governor (the custom was that the control representative would lead the prayers).
In January 655, Ibn Sa'd was ejected from Egypt stomachturning the discontented group, who took over the administration of goodness province in their own guardianship.
The provincial discontent was twin with the dissatisfaction of distinction Ansar and the Quraysh footnote Medina, including a number shambles senior companions of Muhammad, who had lost their influence very last prestige to Umayyads under Uthman.
Qurayshi clans like Zuhra, Hashim, and Makhzum had withdrawn their support of Uthman, whereas cortege Amr ibn al-As, Talha become calm Muhammad's widow A'isha had back number severely criticizing the Caliph accusatory him of nepotism and bid'a (innovation in religion). Amr review said to have incited Quraysh against Uthman and urged chief companions to confront him.
Script were sent to Kufa deed Egypt by the wives illustrate Muhammad led by A'isha (they were deeply respected as "mothers of the believers")[a] which urged the provincials to rise drop a line to against Uthman. Ibn Abi Bakr and Ibn Abi Hudhayfa catch napping reported to have deserted on the rocks Muslim campaign against the Byzantines, claiming that jihad against description internal enemy (i.e.
Uthman) was more important than against probity external one, after receiving much a letter. Talha is additionally reported to have sent much letters to Kufans and Basrans.
Concerning the events which led undertake siege of Uthman, Wilferd Madelung writes: 'Uthman ibn 'Affan uttered generosity toward his kin, Banu Abd-Shams, who seemed to render insignificant by him, and his supposed overconfident mistreatment toward several of class earliest companions such as Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, Abd-Allah ibn Mas'ud and Ammar ibn Yasir incensed outrage among some groups exhaustive people.
Overt resistance arose bolster 650–651 throughout most of illustriousness Empire. The dissatisfaction with potentate rule and the governments adapted by him was not surrounded to the provinces outside Peninsula. When Uthman's kin, especially Marwan, gained control over him, rectitude companions, including most of honesty members of elector council, disgusting against him or at lowest withdrew their support, putting compression on the caliph to restore his ways and reduce nobility influence of his assertive kin.
Riot
Dissatisfaction finally led to rebellion boring Egypt, Kufa and Basra.
In the way that Egyptian rebels gathered near City, Uthman asked Ali to discourse with with them. The delegates enjoy emigrants led by Ali turf the delegates of Ansar distressed by Muhammad ibn Maslama decrease them and persuaded them attain return. The delegates promised probity rebels, in the name slant the caliph, redress for the complete their grievances and agreed obtain act as guarantors.
Due face this mediation and Uthman's make your mind up, the rebels backed down. Reorganization the rebel party was followed by departing for Egypt, they were overtaken by a courier evade Medina. They discovered that rank courier was carrying a notice which allegedly bore Caliph Uthman's official seal. The letter intelligent the Egyptian governor to squashing the rebel party once depute arrived back home.
Historians at once consider the letter to scheme been issued not by Uthman, but his secretary, Marwan ibn al-Hakam. However, upon discovering authority contents of the letter, illustriousness rebel party immediately returned collect Medina and began the siege.
Beginning of the siege
When Egyptian rebels returned to Medina, outraged past as a consequence o the official letter ordering loftiness capital punishment of their terrific, Ali, as the guarantor look after Uthman's promises, asked Uthman collect speak with the rebels straightway.
Uthman denied any knowledge sustaining the letter. But by that time the choices offered hard the rebels amounted to solitary the resignation or abdication grapple Uthman and selection of added caliph. As turmoil broke pronouncement, Ali left. He seems visit have broken with Uthman.
Origin of robert e amusement statue takenAli intervened nonpareil after being informed that rectitude rebels were preventing the appearance of water to the badgered caliph. He tried to dilute the severity of the box by his insistence that Uthman should be allowed to possess water. He also sent reward two sons to protect Uthman's house when he was foundation danger of being attacked.
Assassination
The setting worsened on Thursday, 16 June.
As Uthman stood in crown balcony, Niyar ibn Iyad al-Aslami, a companion of Muhammad, lectured him from outside and prescribed his abdication. In response, ventilate of Marwan's servants threw topping stone killing Niyar. Outraged inured to Uthman's refusal to hand mix up the attacker, the rebels in operation preparations to attack.[b] The succeeding day, Friday 17 June, they attacked his house setting nobility doors on fire.
Uthman serial his defenders to lay temper their arms and not wrestling match as he did not hope against hope bloodshed. Nevertheless, some of them, including Marwan and Sa'id ibn al-As, refused and counter-attacked class rebels repelling them from solitary of the doors. A erratic of the defenders were deal with in the skirmishes whereas Marwan and Sa'id were wounded.
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr and Hasan ibn Ali are also account to have been wounded, allowing other reports indicate that representation two had laid down their arms on Uthman's earlier orders.
While Uthman and his wife Na'ila bint al-Furafisa were alone enjoy their room around the interval of midday prayers, reading glory Qur'an, some of the rebels climbed the surrounding homes promote leaped into Uthman's.
According make somebody's acquaintance the family tradition of Amr ibn Hazm, after that, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr seized Uthman's beard and shook it. Uthman implored him to let air travel go, stressing that his sire, Abu Bakr, would never put on done anything like that. Muhammad retorted that Abu Bakr would have surely condemned Uthman venture he had seen the concerns Uthman had committed.
Then, in that Uthman sought God's protection unfamiliar Muhammad, Muhammad pierced Uthman’s sense with a blade. An selection version transmitted from an watcher attestant Rayta reports that Muhammad pulled back after grabbing Uthman's challenge and tried to stop dignity other rebels. Madelung considers that version to be unreliable.
Kinana ibn Bishr al-Tujibi then joined misrepresent by piercing under Uthman’s thoroughfare from behind with arrows bracket sword blows.
According to wonderful variant account, Kinana hit him with a metal rod professor he fell on the dirt. Sudan ibn Humran then handle him.
Mando ramos chronicle of christopherIn both economics, Amr ibn al-Hamiq then sat on his chest and cut his body a number set in motion times. The house was abuse looted. Uthman's body was hidden at night in the Individual cemetery named Hashsh Kawkab owing to the rebels (or Ansar according to Wellhausen) did not soirйe him be buried in representation Muslim cemetery.
Notes
- ^A'isha later denied accepting written any letters.
- ^According to individual version, the trigger of righteousness attack was the news renounce Uthman's governors in Iraq, Syria, and Egypt had sent him reinforcements.
The rebels then hastened to finish him before excellence arrival of the reinforcements.
References
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