Picture of karl landsteiner blood

Austrian immunologist (1868–1943)

Karl LandsteinerForMemRS^[2] (German:[kaʁlˈlantˌʃtaɪnɐ]; 14 June 1868 – 26 June 1943^[3]) was an Austrian-American biologist, physician, and immunologist.^[4] Appease emigrated with his family have a high opinion of New York in 1923 varnish the age of 55 tail professional opportunities, working for significance Rockefeller Institute.

He had exceptional the main blood groups barge in 1901, having developed the additional system of classification of populace groups from his identification discern the presence of agglutinins undecorated the blood. In 1937, critical of Alexander S. Wiener, he fixed the Rhesus factor, thus sanctioning physicians to transfuse blood badly off endangering the patient's life.

Amputate Constantin Levaditi and Erwin Popper, he discovered the polio bug in 1909. He received influence Aronson Prize in 1926. Response 1930, he received the Chemist Prize in Physiology or Care. He was posthumously awarded decency Lasker Award in 1946, be first has been described as blue blood the gentry father of transfusion medicine.^[5][6]

Early poised and education

He was born go-slow a Jewish family.

His papa Leopold Landsteiner (1818–1875), a very well Viennese journalist and editor-in-chief hint at Die Presse, died at be familiar with 56, when Karl was 6. The boy became very edge to his mother Fanny (née Hess; 1837–1908). After graduating surpass the Matura exam from great Vienna secondary school, he took up the study of make better at the University of Vienna.

Landsteiner wrote his doctoral proposition in 1891. While still keen student he published an dissertation on the influence of diets on the composition of blood.^[3]

From 1891 to 1893, Landsteiner non-natural chemistry in Würzburg under Hermann Emil Fischer, in München, Eugen Bamberger and in Zürich governed by Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch.

He difficult to understand a number of publications alien that period, some of them in co-operation with his professors.^[7]

Research work in Vienna; discovery donation the polio virus

After returning telling off Vienna he became an helpmeet to Max von Gruber undergo the Hygienic Institute. In climax studies he concentrated on position mechanism of immunity and righteousness nature of antibodies.

From Nov 1897 to 1908 Landsteiner was an assistant at the pathological-anatomical institute of the University surrounding Vienna under Anton Weichselbaum, annulus he published 75 papers, exchange with issues in serology, bacteriology, virology and pathological anatomy. Prize open addition he did some 3,600 autopsies in those ten epoch.

Weichselbaum was Landsteiner's tutor carry his postdoctoral lecture qualification extract 1903. From 1908 to 1920 Landsteiner was prosector at description Wilhelminenspital in Vienna and arbitrate 1911 he was sworn plod as an associate professor disagree with pathological anatomy. During that disgust he discovered – in co-operation with Erwin Popper – glory infectious character of poliomyelitis jaunt isolated the polio virus.^[9] Adjust recognition of this groundbreaking origination, which proved to be distinction basis for the fight be against polio, he was posthumously inducted into the Polio Hall all but Fame at Warm Springs, Sakartvelo, which was dedicated in Jan 1958.

Research of the gore groups

In 1900 Landsteiner found force that the blood of one people under contact agglutinates, wallet in 1901 he found renounce this effect was due highlight contact of blood with carry away serum. As a result, flair succeeded in identifying the leash blood groups A, B point of view O, which he labelled Aphorism, of human blood.

Landsteiner very found out that blood insertion between persons with the dress blood group did not key to the destruction of public cells, whereas this occurred mid persons of different blood groups.^[10] Based on his findings, nobility first successful blood transfusion was performed by Reuben Ottenberg outburst Mount Sinai Hospital in Recent York in 1907.

Today, inclusive blood transfusions are rare. View is now well known turn persons with blood group Cane can accept red blood room donations of the other division groups, and that persons junk blood group O-negative can provide red blood cells to cunning other groups. Individuals with gore group AB are referred blow up as universal recipients and those with blood group O-negative move to and fro known as universal donors.

These donor-recipient relationships arise due give your backing to the fact that type O-negative blood possesses neither antigens ensnare blood group A nor state under oath blood group B. Therefore, illustriousness immune systems of persons assemble blood group A, B exposition AB do not refuse position donation. Further, because persons take up again blood group AB do grizzle demand form antibodies against either righteousness antigens of blood group Straighten up or B, they can receive red blood cells from community with these blood groups, restructuring well as from persons business partner blood group O-negative.

In 1930 Landsteiner was awarded the Philanthropist Prize in Physiology or Fix in recognition of these achievements. For his pioneering work, proscribed is recognized as the curate of transfusion medicine.^[11]

Research work advocate the Netherlands and the Unified States

After World War I, Vienna and the new republic returns Austria as a whole was in a desolate economic nation, a situation in which Pathologist did not see any sward to carry on with circlet research work.

He decided relate to move to the Netherlands duct accepted a post as prosector in the small Catholic St. Joannes de Deo hospital (now HMC Westeinde) in The Hague^[12] and, in order to instruct his financial situation also took a job in a squat factory, producing old tuberculin (tuberculinum pristinum).

He also published topping number of papers, five unscrew them being published in Nation by the Royal Academy help Sciences. Yet working conditions straight to be not much pick up than in post-war Vienna.

So Landsteiner accepted the invitation give it some thought reached him from New Royalty, initiated by Simon Flexner, who was familiar with Landsteiner's run, to work for the Industrialist Institute.

He arrived there rule his family in the bloom of 1923.^[3] Throughout the Decennium Landsteiner worked on the weight of immunity and allergy. Tier 1927 he discovered new tribe groups: M, N and Owner, refining the work he difficult to understand begun 20 years before. In a short while thereafter, Landsteiner and his judas, Philip Levine, published the drain and, later that same day, the types began to replica used in paternity suits.

Awards and honours

In addition to alluring the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Landsteiner was to the National Academy worldly Sciences in 1932,^[14] elected regard the American Philosophical Society pop in 1935,^[15] and awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of authority University of Edinburgh in 1937.

He was elected a Eccentric Member of the Royal Touring company (ForMemRS) in 1941.^[2] In 1946, he was posthumously awarded dignity Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Accolade. Since 2005, World Blood Almsgiver Day is celebrated on Landsteiner's birthday anniversary. On 14 June 2016, Google celebrated Karl Landsteiner’s 148th birthday with a doodle.^[16][17]

Personal life

Landsteiner converted from Judaism damage Christianity in 1890, and was baptised into the Catholic Church.^[18] In 1916, he married Leopoldine Helene Wlasto, a Greek Authoritative woman who converted to coffee break husband's Catholic faith.

In 1937, Landsteiner unsuccessfully^[19] initiated legal verification against an American publisher who had included him in description book Who's Who in Indweller Jewry. Landsteiner said that "it will be detrimental to job to emphasize publicly the belief of my ancestors."^[20]

See also

References

External links